Monomers and polymers

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Respiratory substrates which provide energy for cells, also used for structure in cell membranes and cell walls in plants ( This means cellulose is a carbohydrate)

Question 2

Lipids

Answer 2

Can be use a respiratory substrates which provide energy for cells, form a bilayer in cell membranes and make up some hormones

Question 3

Proteins

Answer 3

Main component of many cellular structures, form enzymes and chemical messengers

Question 4

Nucleic acid

Answer 4

Form polymers (DNA AND RNA) which make up the genetic of organisms. Code for the sequence of amino acids which make up all proteins

Question 5

All organisms use…

Answer 5

The same nucleic acid as genetic material and the same 20 amino acids to build proteins

Question 6

Definition of monomer

Answer 6

Smaller units from which larger molecules (polymers) are made

Question 7

Definition of polymer

Answer 7

A molecule made from lots of repeating units (polymers) joined together 😤

Question 8

Condensation reaction

Answer 8

When two monomers join together with the formation of a covalent bond and involved the elimination of a water molecule (Water goes out hence the name CONDENSATION)

Question 9

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 9

Breaks the covalent bond between two monomers and involves the use of a water molecule (Water is needed so it goes in) Hydro = Water , Lysis = Split

Question 10

3 Main monomer groups

Answer 10

Carbohydrates , Proteins , Nucleic acid

Question 11

Example of carbohydrates

Answer 11

Monosaccharides e.g glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 12

What is the name of the covalent bond type for monosaccharides (Carbohydrates)

Answer 12

Glycosidic bond

Question 13

What is the polymer that is formed from monosaccharides

Answer 13

Polysaccharide (Glycogen , Cellulose and starch)

Question 14

Example of protein monomer

Answer 14

Amino acids

Question 15

What is the covalent bond type for amino acids (proteins)

Answer 15

Peptide bond

Question 16

What is the polymer made from amino acids (protein)

Answer 16

Polypeptide (Enzymes, Antibodies, Haemogloblin )

Question 17

Example of nucleic acid monomers

Answer 17

Nucleotides

Question 18

What covalent bond type is nucleotides (Nucleic acid)

Answer 18

Phosphodiester bond (DNA and RNA)

Question 19

Monosaccharides

Answer 19

Individual sugar molecule (monomer) that makes up disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 20

How many isomers does glucose have

Answer 20

Two - Alpha and beta

Question 21

Difference between alpha and beta

Answer 21

ALPHA HOH
BETA OHH

Question 22

a-Glucose role

Answer 22

The main substrate for respiration (The monomers forming amylose and amylopectin and glycogen)
Forms the polysaccharides starch and glycogen m

Question 23

B-glucose

Answer 23

Forms the polysaccharide Cellulose

Question 24

Fructose

Answer 24

Found in nectar and many fruits .
It helps to attract animal for pollination and fruit dispersal
When combined with glucose it forms the disaccharide sucrose

Question 25

Galactose

Answer 25

With glucose, forms the disaccharide lactose

Question 26

Condensation between two a-glucose

Answer 26

Forms a glycosidic bond and forms Maltose . ( Water is given out by an OH from one alpha glucose and a H from the other )

Question 27

Hydrolysis

Answer 27

Water goes in to break a glycosidic bond between maltose and it forms two alpha glucose

Question 28

Disaccharide

Answer 28

Two monosaccharides join through a condensation reaction forming a glycolic bond between the two OH groups

Question 29

Maltose

Answer 29

Glucose-Glucoae Formed when the breakdown of starch in germinating seeds, where it provides energy for growing embryo

Question 30

Sucrose

Answer 30

Glucose-Fructose The form in which sugar is transported in the phloem of plants

Question 31

Lactose

Answer 31

Glucose-Galactose The sugar found in milk; energy source for suckling mammals

Question 32

Polysaccharides

Answer 32

More than two monosaccharides are joined

Question 33

Amylose

Answer 33

Long unbranched coil shape Coil shape allows makes it compact and suitable to fit in small areas One of the two polymer that forms starch made from the monosaccharides a-glucose 1-4 chains

Question 34

Amylopectin

Answer 34

Long branches chain due to 1-6 glycosidic bonds Coil shape Branches increase surface area which increase the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds to increase the release of ATP Polymer that form starch Made from a-glucose

Question 35

Starch details

Answer 35

Main carbohydrates for plant cells Plants use starch to store excess glucose as it’s too large to leave the cell and it is insoluble in water (This means it doesn’t affect the water potential) Starch can be hydrolysed to release glucose for respiration

Question 36

Glycogen

Answer 36

Made from a-glucose Like amylopectin but more branches Storage carbohydrate in mammals Found in liver as large quantities