Monomers and polymers Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Respiratory substrates which provide energy for cells, also used for structure in cell membranes and cell walls in plants ( This means cellulose is a carbohydrate)
Lipids
Can be use a respiratory substrates which provide energy for cells, form a bilayer in cell membranes and make up some hormones
Proteins
Main component of many cellular structures, form enzymes and chemical messengers
Nucleic acid
Form polymers (DNA AND RNA) which make up the genetic of organisms. Code for the sequence of amino acids which make up all proteins
All organisms use…
The same nucleic acid as genetic material and the same 20 amino acids to build proteins
Definition of monomer
Smaller units from which larger molecules (polymers) are made
Definition of polymer
A molecule made from lots of repeating units (polymers) joined together 😤
Condensation reaction
When two monomers join together with the formation of a covalent bond and involved the elimination of a water molecule (Water goes out hence the name CONDENSATION)
Hydrolysis reaction
Breaks the covalent bond between two monomers and involves the use of a water molecule (Water is needed so it goes in) Hydro = Water , Lysis = Split
3 Main monomer groups
Carbohydrates , Proteins , Nucleic acid
Example of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides e.g glucose, fructose and galactose
What is the name of the covalent bond type for monosaccharides (Carbohydrates)
Glycosidic bond
What is the polymer that is formed from monosaccharides
Polysaccharide (Glycogen , Cellulose and starch)
Example of protein monomer
Amino acids
What is the covalent bond type for amino acids (proteins)
Peptide bond
What is the polymer made from amino acids (protein)
Polypeptide (Enzymes, Antibodies, Haemogloblin )
Example of nucleic acid monomers
Nucleotides
What covalent bond type is nucleotides (Nucleic acid)
Phosphodiester bond (DNA and RNA)
Monosaccharides
Individual sugar molecule (monomer) that makes up disaccharides and polysaccharides
How many isomers does glucose have
Two - Alpha and beta
Difference between alpha and beta
ALPHA HOH
BETA OHH
a-Glucose role
The main substrate for respiration (The monomers forming amylose and amylopectin and glycogen)
Forms the polysaccharides starch and glycogen m
B-glucose
Forms the polysaccharide Cellulose
Fructose
Found in nectar and many fruits .
It helps to attract animal for pollination and fruit dispersal
When combined with glucose it forms the disaccharide sucrose
Galactose
With glucose, forms the disaccharide lactose
Condensation between two a-glucose
Forms a glycosidic bond and forms Maltose . ( Water is given out by an OH from one alpha glucose and a H from the other )
Hydrolysis
Water goes in to break a glycosidic bond between maltose and it forms two alpha glucose
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides join through a condensation reaction forming a glycolic bond between the two OH groups
Maltose
Glucose-Glucoae
Formed when the breakdown of starch in germinating seeds, where it provides energy for growing embryo
Sucrose
Glucose-Fructose
The form in which sugar is transported in the phloem of plants
Lactose
Glucose-Galactose
The sugar found in milk; energy source for suckling mammals
Polysaccharides
More than two monosaccharides are joined
Amylose
Long unbranched coil shape
Coil shape allows makes it compact and suitable to fit in small areas
One of the two polymer that forms starch made from the monosaccharides a-glucose
1-4 chains
Amylopectin
Long branches chain due to 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Coil shape
Branches increase surface area which increase the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds to increase the release of ATP
Polymer that form starch
Made from a-glucose
Starch details
Main carbohydrates for plant cells
Plants use starch to store excess glucose as it’s too large to leave the cell and it is insoluble in water (This means it doesn’t affect the water potential)
Starch can be hydrolysed to release glucose for respiration
Glycogen
Made from a-glucose
Like amylopectin but more branches
Storage carbohydrate in mammals
Found in liver as large quantities
