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BIOLOGY 🧫🌱🐭 > Monomers and polymers > Flashcards

Monomers and polymers Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Respiratory substrates which provide energy for cells, also used for structure in cell membranes and cell walls in plants ( This means cellulose is a carbohydrate)

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2
Q

Lipids

A

Can be use a respiratory substrates which provide energy for cells, form a bilayer in cell membranes and make up some hormones

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3
Q

Proteins

A

Main component of many cellular structures, form enzymes and chemical messengers

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4
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Form polymers (DNA AND RNA) which make up the genetic of organisms. Code for the sequence of amino acids which make up all proteins

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5
Q

All organisms use…

A

The same nucleic acid as genetic material and the same 20 amino acids to build proteins

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6
Q

Definition of monomer

A

Smaller units from which larger molecules (polymers) are made

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7
Q

Definition of polymer

A

A molecule made from lots of repeating units (polymers) joined together 😤

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8
Q

Condensation reaction

A

When two monomers join together with the formation of a covalent bond and involved the elimination of a water molecule (Water goes out hence the name CONDENSATION)

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9
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaks the covalent bond between two monomers and involves the use of a water molecule (Water is needed so it goes in) Hydro = Water , Lysis = Split

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10
Q

3 Main monomer groups

A

Carbohydrates , Proteins , Nucleic acid

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11
Q

Example of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides e.g glucose, fructose and galactose

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12
Q

What is the name of the covalent bond type for monosaccharides (Carbohydrates)

A

Glycosidic bond

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13
Q

What is the polymer that is formed from monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharide (Glycogen , Cellulose and starch)

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14
Q

Example of protein monomer

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

What is the covalent bond type for amino acids (proteins)

A

Peptide bond

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16
Q

What is the polymer made from amino acids (protein)

A

Polypeptide (Enzymes, Antibodies, Haemogloblin )

17
Q

Example of nucleic acid monomers

A

Nucleotides

18
Q

What covalent bond type is nucleotides (Nucleic acid)

A

Phosphodiester bond (DNA and RNA)

19
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Individual sugar molecule (monomer) that makes up disaccharides and polysaccharides

20
Q

How many isomers does glucose have

A

Two - Alpha and beta

21
Q

Difference between alpha and beta

A

ALPHA HOH
BETA OHH

22
Q

a-Glucose role

A

The main substrate for respiration (The monomers forming amylose and amylopectin and glycogen)
Forms the polysaccharides starch and glycogen m

23
Q

B-glucose

A

Forms the polysaccharide Cellulose

24
Q

Fructose

A

Found in nectar and many fruits .
It helps to attract animal for pollination and fruit dispersal
When combined with glucose it forms the disaccharide sucrose

25
Q

Galactose

A

With glucose, forms the disaccharide lactose

26
Q

Condensation between two a-glucose

A

Forms a glycosidic bond and forms Maltose . ( Water is given out by an OH from one alpha glucose and a H from the other )

27
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water goes in to break a glycosidic bond between maltose and it forms two alpha glucose

28
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides join through a condensation reaction forming a glycolic bond between the two OH groups

29
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose-Glucoae
Formed when the breakdown of starch in germinating seeds, where it provides energy for growing embryo

30
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose-Fructose
The form in which sugar is transported in the phloem of plants

31
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose-Galactose
The sugar found in milk; energy source for suckling mammals

32
Q

Polysaccharides

A

More than two monosaccharides are joined

33
Q

Amylose

A

Long unbranched coil shape
Coil shape allows makes it compact and suitable to fit in small areas
One of the two polymer that forms starch made from the monosaccharides a-glucose
1-4 chains

34
Q

Amylopectin

A

Long branches chain due to 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Coil shape
Branches increase surface area which increase the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds to increase the release of ATP
Polymer that form starch
Made from a-glucose

35
Q

Starch details

A

Main carbohydrates for plant cells

Plants use starch to store excess glucose as it’s too large to leave the cell and it is insoluble in water (This means it doesn’t affect the water potential)

Starch can be hydrolysed to release glucose for respiration

36
Q

Glycogen

A

Made from a-glucose
Like amylopectin but more branches
Storage carbohydrate in mammals
Found in liver as large quantities

BIOLOGY 🧫🌱🐭 (4 decks)

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