Monoclonal Antibodies

Question 1

Antibodies are made from

Answer 1

protein

Question 2

Antibodies general shape

Answer 2

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Question 3

How do antibodies destroy pathogens

Answer 3

Antibodies have two binding sites which mean they can bind to two antigens on two different pathogens
They clump pathogens together (Agglutination)
Phagocytes locate grouped pathogens and hydrolyse them in one go

Question 4

Antigen variability

Answer 4

Sometimes antigen can mutate (Antigen variability)
So no longer complementary to memory b cell
and has to undergo primary response again = slower

Question 5

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 5

Antibodies with same tertiary structure produced from the same cloned B-cells

Question 6

Two used of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 6

Diagnostics and therapeutics

Question 7

Monoclonal antibodies therapeutics

Answer 7

Monoclonal antibodies can be made in a lab to be complementary to antigens on cancer cells

Question 8

Monoclonal antibodies binding to cancer cells

Answer 8

Prevents molecule from dividing as it binds to the antigens before the dividing molecule binds to it leading the cancer cell to kill itself (apoptosis)
Monoclonal antibodies can also have a drug attached to it so they can direct the drug to the cancer cell to kill the cancer cells to prevent the damage of other healthy cells

Question 9

Monoclonal antibodies diagnostics

Answer 9

Can be used to diagnose patients with HIV or pregnancy

Question 10

Ethics of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 10

Human trials, dangerous side effects and deliberately infecting mice