MITRALKLAPPENSTENOSE (MS) Flashcards

1
Q

Was ist die Hauptursache für die Mitralstenose (MS) in den meisten Industrienationen?

A

Degenerativ kalzifizierend

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2
Q

Was ist die klassische Folge eines rheumatischen Fiebers?

A

Mitralstenose (MS)

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3
Q

Wie groß ist die Öffnungsfläche einer gesunden Mitralklappe bei Erwachsenen?

A

4 - 5 cm²

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4
Q

Was geschieht bei der Mitralstenose über Jahre bis Jahrzehnte?

A

Schleichende Stenosierung der Mitralklappe

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5
Q

Welche Faktoren beeinflussen die Hämodynamik und Klinik bei Mitralstenose?

A

• Schweregrad der Obstruktion
• Herzrhythmus und -frequenz
• Ausmaß der sekundären Lungenstrombahnveränderungen
• Einengung der Mitralklappe

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6
Q

Was wird durch eine Vergrößerung des linken Vorhofs (LA) zunächst verhindert?

A

Erhöhung des Pulmonalisdruckes

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7
Q

Was sind die ersten Symptome bei abnehmendem Herzzeitvolumen aufgrund von Mitralstenose?

A

Müdigkeit und Einschränkung der Leistungsbreite

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8
Q

Was passiert bei einem erhöhten Druck im linken Vorhof (LA)?

A

Der Druck wird passiv auf die Lungenvenen fortgeleitet

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9
Q

Welche Symptome können bei einer Überschreitung der Gegenregulationskapazität auftreten?

A

• Dyspnoe
• Orthopnoe
• (nächtlicher) Husten

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10
Q

Welcher Druck im linken Vorhof oder mittleren Pulmonalkapillardruck weist auf ein Risiko für ein Lungenödem hin?

A

> 25 - 30 mmHg in Ruhe

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11
Q

Was kann die pulmonalarterielle Hypertonie zur Folge haben?

A

• Rechtsherzhypertrophie
• Dilatation des rechten Ventrikels
• Rechtsherzinsuffizienz

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12
Q

Nenne die drei Schweregrade der Mitralklappenstenose.

A

• Leicht
• Mittelschwer
• Schwer

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13
Q

Was ist der mittlere Druckgradient (mmHg) bei leichtem Schweregrad der Mitralklappenstenose?

A

< 5

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14
Q

Fülle die Lücke: Bei normaler Herzfrequenz und mittlerem Herzzeitvolumen ist der systolische pulmonalarterielle Druck (sysPAP) bei mittelschwerer Mitralstenose _______.

A

30 - 50 mmHg

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15
Q

Was passiert bei der Entwicklung einer aktiven pulmonalarteriellen Hypertonie?

A

Pulmonalisdruck steigt auf/über systemische Druckwerte

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16
Q

Was sind die Folgen der Drucksteigerung im linken Vorhof?

A

Evtl. Vorhofflimmern mit absoluter Arrhythmie (Leistungsminderung des Herzens um ca. 20 %) und Thrombenbildung im linken Vorhof (40 %) mit Gefahr arterieller Embolien (20 % d.F.) in Gehirn, Extremitäten, Nieren u.a.

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17
Q

Welche Symptome können bei Lungenstauung/pulmonaler Hypertonie auftreten?

A

(Belastungs-)Dyspnoe, nächtlicher Husten (‘Asthma cardiale’), evt. Hämoptoe mit ‘Herzfehlerzellen’ im Sputum (= hämosiderinhaltige Lungenmakrophagen)

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18
Q

Was sind die Folgen einer Rechtsherzinsuffizienz?

A

Erhöhter Venendruck mit sichtbarer Venenstauung am Hals und unter der Zunge, Stauungsleber, Stauungsniere (evtl. Proteinurie), Ödeme der abhängigen Körperpartien

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19
Q

Welche Folgen hat ein vermindertes Herzzeitvolumen?

A

Leistungsminderung, periphere Zyanose mit rötlich-zyanotischen Wangen (Facies mitralis), Paukender 1. Herzton, Mitralöffnungston (MÖT), diastolisches Decrescendogeräusch übergehend in ein präsystolisches Crescendogeräusch.

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20
Q

Wie entstehen der paukender 1. Herzton und der Mitralöffnungston (MÖT)?

A

Durch lautes Umschlagen der Mitralsegel, wenn der Kammerdruck den Druck im linken Vorhof über- bzw. unterschreitet. Bei erstarrten Mitralsegeln können beide Töne verschwinden.

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21
Q

Wann findet sich das präsystolische Crescendo?

A

Nur bei Sinusrhythmus.

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22
Q

Was sind die Symptome einer schweren Mitralstenose mit pulmonaler Hypertonie?

A

Unmittelbar nach dem verstärkten Pulmonalsegment des 2. HT diastolisches Graham-Steell-Geräusch einer relativen Pulmonalklappeninsuffizienz.

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23
Q

Welche Komplikationen können bei Mitralstenose auftreten?

A

Arterielle Embolien, bakterielle Endokarditis, Lungenödem.

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24
Q

Was sind die EKG-Zeichen bei Belastung des linken Vorhofs?

A

P-sinistroatriale (doppelgipfliges P in Abl. II > 0,11 s), evt. Vorhofflimmern mit absoluter Arrhythmie.

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25
Q

Was zeigt ein Echokardiogramm bei pulmonaler Hypertonie?

A

Zeichen der Rechtsherzhypertrophie; Entwicklung des Lagetyps zum Steil- bis Rechtstyp.

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26
Q

Was ist der Goldstandard für die Diagnostik der Klappenanatomie?

A

Transthorakales und transösophageales Echokardiogramm (TEE).

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27
Q

Was wird bei der invasiven Diagnostik (Links- und Rechtsherzkatheter) beurteilt?

A

Klappenfunktion, Stenosegrad, Ventrikelfunktion und Druckverhältnisse im großen und kleinen Kreislauf.

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28
Q

Was zeigt die MÖT-Manometrie bei Mitralstenose?

A

Der Mitteldruck im linken Vorhof steigt deutlich an (> 20 mmHg) und es besteht ein Gradient über die Mitralklappe.

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29
Q

Wann treten Symptome einer Mitralstenose meist auf?

A

Meist erst 10 - 20 Jahre nach einem rheumatischen Fieber.

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30
Q

Was sind die 10-Jahresüberlebensraten für NYHA-Klassen I und II?

A

Etwa 85 %.

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31
Q

Was sind die häufigsten Todesursachen bei Mitralstenose?

A

Lungenödem und Rechtsherzinsuffizienz (65 %), arterielle Embolien (20 %), Lungenembolien (10 %), bakterielle Endokarditis.

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32
Q

Welche regelmäßigen Kontrolluntersuchungen sind notwendig?

A

Klinische Untersuchung, Echokardiografie, BNP, Ergometrie. Kontrollintervalle abhängig vom Schweregrad.

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33
Q

Was sind die konservativen Therapiemöglichkeiten bei Herzinsuffizienz?

A

Die konservativen Therapiemöglichkeiten sind Diuretika (Thiazid, Spironolacton, ggf. Schleifendiuretikum), Betablocker, Verapamil und Digitalis bei Vorhofflimmern, ggf. Ivabradin zur Frequenzreduktion bei Sinusrhythmus.

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34
Q

Was benötigen Patienten mit hämodynamisch wirksamer Mitralstenose?

A

Eine lange Diastole für eine ausreichende Ventrikelfüllung und normofrequenten Sinusrhythmus. Bei Vorhofflimmern sollte die Frequenz reduziert werden.

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35
Q

Welche Medikamente werden zur Thromboembolieprophylaxe bei Vorhofflimmern eingesetzt?

A

Vitamin K-Antagonisten (VKA) werden zur Thromboembolieprophylaxe eingesetzt.

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36
Q

Wie lange sollte die Dauerprophylaxe eines rheumatischen Fiebers erfolgen?

A

Bis zum 40. Lebensjahr, mindestens jedoch 10 Jahre; bei infektgefährdeten Patienten ggf. länger.

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37
Q

Wann ist eine Mitralklappenvalvuloplastie (MVP) indiziert?

A

Bei Mitralklappenöffnungsfläche ≤ 1,5 cm² und Symptomen oder hohem Risiko für Embolie oder Dekompensation.

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38
Q

Was sind die Vorteile der Mitralklappenvalvuloplastie (MVP)?

A

Die MVP zeigt ähnliche Resultate wie die operative Mitralklappenkommissurotomie und vermeidet oder schiebt einen großen operativen Eingriff heraus.

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39
Q

Wann sollte die Entscheidung über MVP getroffen werden?

A

Nach klinischen Daten und Echo-Score zum Kalzifizierungsgrad.

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40
Q

Welche Patienten haben die besten Ergebnisse bei MVP?

A

Junge Patienten mit niedrigen Score-Werten, Sinusrhythmus, minimalen Verkalkungen und ohne begleitende Mitralklappeninsuffizienz.

41
Q

Was sind die Komplikationen der Mitralklappenvalvuloplastie?

A

Zunahme einer Mitralklappeninsuffizienz, Vorhofseptumdefekt, Perforationen, Thromboembolien oder AV-Blockierungen.

42
Q

Wann ist eine chirurgische Therapie (Mitralklappenersatz) erforderlich?

A

Wenn eine PMC nicht in Frage kommt, z.B. bei erheblich symptomatischen Patienten (NYHA III - IV) und Mitralklappenöffnungfläche ≤ 1,5 cm².

43
Q

Wann ist ein Mitralklappenersatz bei gering oder nicht symptomatischen Patienten indiziert?

A

Bei NYHA I - II und Mitralöffnungsfläche < 1 cm².

44
Q

What is mitral stenosis?

A

Mitral stenosis (MS) comprises any anatomical obstruction at the level of the mitral valve apparatus causing resistance to left ventricular (LV) filling during diastole.

Mitral stenosis can lead to significant cardiac complications if not addressed.

45
Q

What is the usual cause of mitral stenosis?

A

Most cases of MS arise as a chronic sequel to rheumatic fever, characterized by fibrocalcific changes to the mitral leaflets, resulting in:
* Fusion of the commissures
* Fibrosis
* Fusion of chordae tendineae
* Reduction in the area of the mitral inflow orifice

Rheumatic fever is commonly seen in developing countries and regions where it is still prevalent.

46
Q

What demographic shows a higher prevalence of mitral stenosis?

A

MS is three times more common in women than in men.

The rate of rheumatic fever is similar for both genders.

47
Q

What is the pathophysiology of mitral stenosis?

A

MS inhibits the normal free flow of blood from left atrium (LA) to LV during diastole, causing:
* Diastolic gradient between LA and LV
* Elevated LA pressure leading to pulmonary congestion
* Right ventricle (RV) pressure overload
* Decreased cardiac output

This combination can produce the syndrome of heart failure.

48
Q

What are the typical symptoms of mitral stenosis?

A

Symptoms include:
* Asymptomatic in mild cases
* Effort dyspnea
* Decreased tolerance to exertion
* Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
* Orthopnea
* Edema and ascites in RV failure

Sudden increases in LA pressure during exercise may cause frothy pink expectoration, indicative of pulmonary edema.

49
Q

What are the signs of mitral stenosis at physical examination?

A

Signs include:
* Loud S1 if valve mobility is normal
* Soft diastolic rumble near the apex
* Opening snap from stiffened mitral valve
* Loud P2 indicating pulmonary hypertension
* Signs of RV failure: engorged neck veins, ascites, edema

The murmur is characteristic of MS and is best appreciated in specific positions.

50
Q

How is mitral stenosis diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is made through:
* Chest radiograph showing enlarged LA and Kerley’s lines
* Echocardiogram showing thickened mitral valve and impaired leaflet opening
* Assessment of mitral valve area (MVA) and pulmonary pressure

MVA less than 1.5 cm² indicates severe MS.

51
Q

What are the four stages of mitral stenosis?

A

The four stages are:
* (A) At risk of MS
* (B) Progressive MS
* (C) Asymptomatic severe MS
* (D) Symptomatic severe MS

Staging helps in planning management strategies for patients.

52
Q

Fill in the blank: Most cases of mitral stenosis arise as a chronic sequel to _______.

A

[rheumatic fever]

53
Q

True or False: Mitral stenosis is more common in men than in women.

54
Q

What is a common symptom of RV failure due to mitral stenosis?

A

Edema and ascites

These symptoms reflect fluid overload due to heart failure.

55
Q

What is the first stage of MS?

A

At risk of MS

56
Q

What is the second stage of MS?

A

Progressive MS

57
Q

What is the third stage of MS?

A

Asymptomatic severe MS

58
Q

What is the fourth stage of MS?

A

Symptomatic severe MS

59
Q

What is a key characteristic of valve anatomy?

A

Mild valve doming during diastole

60
Q

What are rheumatic valve changes associated with?

A

Commissural fusion and diastolic doming of the mitral valve leaflets

61
Q

What is the planimetered mitral valve area for severe rheumatic valve changes?

62
Q

What characterizes normal mitral valve hemodynamics?

A

Normal transmitral flow velocity

63
Q

What is a sign of increased mitral valve hemodynamics?

A

Increased transmitral flow velocities

64
Q

What is the diastolic pressure half-time in normal conditions?

65
Q

What is the diastolic pressure half-time in severe conditions?

66
Q

What are the hemodynamic consequences of mild to moderate LA enlargement?

A

Normal pulmonary pressure at rest

67
Q

What symptoms are associated with severe LA enlargement?

A

Elevated PASP > 50 mm Hg

68
Q

What is a symptom of symptomatic severe MS?

A

Decreased exercise tolerance

69
Q

Fill in the blank: The planimetered mitral valve area for rheumatic valve changes is _______.

70
Q

True or False: Mild valve doming during diastole is a characteristic of valve anatomy.

71
Q

What is an effective medical management strategy for patients with mild symptoms and normal PA pressure in mitral stenosis (MS)?

A

Diuretics to lower LA pressure and relieve pulmonary congestion

This approach aims to manage the symptoms effectively.

72
Q

Why are patients with mitral stenosis predisposed to develop atrial fibrillation (AF)?

A

Combination of LA enlargement and continued inflammation from a smoldering rheumatic process

These factors increase the risk of AF.

73
Q

How does AF with rapid heart rate affect patients with mitral stenosis?

A

Diminishes transit time for blood flow from LA to LV, increasing LA pressure and diminishing cardiac output

This can lead to serious complications.

74
Q

What medications are used for rate control in patients with mitral stenosis and AF?

A

Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digoxin

These medications are essential for managing heart rate.

75
Q

What should be done if rate control agents fail in a patient with mitral stenosis and AF?

A

Cardioversion is indicated

This procedure may restore normal rhythm.

76
Q

What is the annual risk of stroke for patients with atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis?

A

Approaches 10% per year

This highlights the importance of anticoagulation.

77
Q

What is the recommended anticoagulation therapy for patients with mitral stenosis and AF?

A

Vitamin K antagonist, titrated to an INR of 2.0 to 3.0

This is necessary unless contraindications exist.

78
Q

Is non-vitamin K oral anticoagulation recommended for patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis?

A

No, it is not recommended yet

Current guidelines favor vitamin K antagonists.

79
Q

What is the definitive management for severe mitral stenosis if symptoms cannot be controlled medically?

A

Mechanical relief of stenosis

This aims for symptom relief and improved prognosis.

80
Q

What procedure is preferred for mechanical relief of mitral stenosis?

A

Mitral balloon valvotomy

This is performed percutaneously to relieve stenosis.

81
Q

What happens during mitral balloon valvotomy?

A

A balloon is inflated to rupture adhesions at the commissures, allowing for increased MVA

This helps normalize cardiac output, LA pressure, and PA pressure.

82
Q

What four criteria determine if balloon valvotomy should be performed?

A

Valve mobility, subvalvular thickening, leaflet thickening, degree of valvular calcification

These criteria guide the decision for intervention.

83
Q

Why is the degree of mitral regurgitation assessed before balloon valvotomy?

A

Because balloon valvotomy can worsen the degree of mitral regurgitation

This assessment is crucial for patient safety.

84
Q

What is degenerative mitral stenosis (DMS)?

A

DMS is a condition in the elderly characterized by degenerative calcification of the mitral annulus, which can extend onto the base of the leaflets, resulting in a gradient between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) in diastole.

85
Q

How does DMS differ from rheumatic mitral stenosis?

A

In DMS, the mitral commissures are spared and the leaflet tips retain mobility, while rheumatic mitral stenosis may present with extensive leaflet calcification.

86
Q

What are common clinical findings in DMS?

A

Patients often have comorbidities associated with LV diastolic dysfunction, a first heart sound that is not loud, and an absent opening snap.

87
Q

Is balloon valvotomy useful in DMS?

A

No, balloon valvotomy is not useful in DMS due to extensive annular calcification.

88
Q

Why is it challenging to assess the MVA in DMS?

A

It is often challenging to assess the mitral valve area (MVA) by planimetry due to the condition’s characteristics.

89
Q

What is recommended for symptomatic patients (NYHA class II, III, or IV) with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis and favorable valve morphology?

A

PMBC is recommended if it can be performed at a Comprehensive Valve Center.

PMBC stands for percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy

90
Q

What is indicated for severely symptomatic patients (NYHA class III or IV) with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis who are not candidates for PMBC?

A

Mitral valve surgery (repair, commissurotomy, or valve replacement) is indicated.

These patients may also have failed a previous PMBC or require other cardiac procedures.

91
Q

In asymptomatic patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis and elevated pulmonary pressures, what is a reasonable intervention?

A

PMBC is reasonable if it can be performed at a Comprehensive Valve Center.

Elevated pulmonary pressures are indicated by pulmonary artery systolic pressure >50 mm Hg.

92
Q

What may be considered for asymptomatic patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis who have new onset of atrial fibrillation?

A

PMBC may be considered if it can be performed at a Comprehensive Valve Center.

93
Q

Under what conditions may PMBC be considered for symptomatic patients with a mitral valve area >1.5 cm²?

A

If there is evidence of hemodynamically significant rheumatic MS based on pulmonary artery wedge pressure >25 mm Hg or a mean mitral valve gradient >15 mm Hg during exercise.

94
Q

For severely symptomatic patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis who have a suboptimal valve anatomy, what intervention may be considered if they are not candidates for surgery?

A

PMBC may be considered if it can be performed at a Comprehensive Valve Center.

95
Q

What does NYHA stand for?

A

New York Heart Association

96
Q

What is the significance of a mitral valve area of ≤1.5 cm² in the context of this guideline?

A

It indicates severe rheumatic mitral stenosis (Stage D).

97
Q

What does the acronym LA stand for in the context of mitral stenosis?

A

Left atrial

98
Q

True or False: PMBC is indicated for asymptomatic patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis and a mitral valve area >1.5 cm².

99
Q

Fill in the blank: In patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis, PMBC is recommended if performed at a _______.

A

Comprehensive Valve Center.