Lymphatic System - Immunity and Cells Flashcards
disease-causing agents are also knowns as
pathogens
four types of pathogens
- bacteria
- virus
- fungi
- protozoans
what are the body’s two methods of fighting of pathogens?
innate and adaptive defenses
innate defense is (fast or slow) and (specific or not) to the disease
fast and not
adaptive defense if (fast or slow) and (specific or not) to the disease)
Fast; specific
species resistance is due to the following three:
- diff chemical environments
- diff body temps
- diff receptors
Innate defenses have ___ lines of defense
2
what are four example of mechanical barriers?
AKA boggy moat around castle
- skin
- hair
- mucus
- sweat
what are five examples of the body’s second line of defense?
- chemical barriers
- natural killer cells
- inflammation
- phagocytosis
- fever
what do chemical barriers do?
AKA - defenses along castle wall
destroy/block/call for aid
what does the acidic environment in gastric juice and enzymes in stomach and tears do and what line of defense are they?
destroy pathogens; 2nd
what do interferons do and what line of defense are they?
block viral replication and slow growth; 2nd
what is complement, what does it do and what line of defense are they?
group of plasma proteins, stimulates inflammation and enhances phagocytosis, 2nd
what do NK cells do, what do they attack and what line of defense are they?
AKA archers
secrete perforins which cut cell membranes; attack viruses and cancer cells; 2nd
what happens in phagocytosis and what line of defense is it?
AKA monster mash
“smell” injured cells and are attracted to them via chemotaxis, then nom nom; 2nd
what is the system of neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages working together to perform phagocytosis called?
mononuclear phagocytic system AKA reticuloendothelial system
what 3 things happen in reaction to a fever and what line of defense is it?
internal temp higher, which means:
1) harder for pathogens to reproduce
2) liver/spleen retain more iron, which is bad for fungi and bacteria
3) phagocytic cells attack with more rigor
2nd line of defense
what are the two types of adaptive defense?
cellular immune response and humoral immune response
where are lymphocytes first produced?
bone marrow
some lymphocytes stay in the bone marrow and become ____ cells and some lymphocytes go to the thymus to become ____ cells
B; T
what are the three types of T cells?
helper, cytotoxic and memory
what is the difference in approach between T and B cells when it comes to immune response?
T attack directly (bounty hunter), B produce antibodies, which then attack (generals)
How are T cells activated?
AKA informant
antigen-presenting cells (APC) sense the pathogen and inform the T cells
what is another name for immunity provided by T cells?
cell-mediated immunity
what is another name for immunity provided by B cells?
humoral or antibody-mediated immunity
how are B cells activated?
coming into contact with antigen or getting activated by helper cell; they then transform into antibody-producing cells (plasma cell)
what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?
70-80%
what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B cells?
20-30%
This type of T cell stimulates B cells to produce antibodies against the antigen
helper
this type of T cells patrol the body’s cells, recognizing and attacking cancer and virus-infected cells
cytotoxic
this type of T cell divides to produce a large number of cytotoxic t cells in order to provide a quick immune response
memory
what happens when a helper T cell finds a B cell that has already bonded to an antigen?
releases cytokines that activate and cause it to clone
these B cells stay dormant until they encounter an antigen they’ve seen in the past
memory B cell
these types of cells, which where originally B cells, secrete antibodies
plasma cells
what are the 5 major types of antibodies
EGAD(m)!
This antibody is found in exocrine gland secretions
IgA
This antibody is found in tissue fluid and plasma, activates complement, and defends against everything but protozoans
aka - g = group (complement)
IgG
This antibody is found in plasma when food antigens or bacteria or there, activates complement and can react during blood transfusions because of its anti-a and b antibodies
igM
This antibody functions in B cell activation
IgD
This antibody is found on the surfaces of basophil and mast cells and is associated with allergic reactions
IgE
what is the difference between a primary and secondary immune response
primary is the first encounter with an antigen, secondary is a subsequent encounter with same antigen
How long does it take for antibodies to appear in plasma after exposure during a primary immune response?
5-10 days
How long does it take for antibodies to appear in plasma after exposure during a secondary immune response?
1-2 days
How long can memory B cells live?
years
when someone has antibodies that fight against their own body’s antigens, those are called
autoantibodies
