Intro, Homeostasis, Body Systems, Basic Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of structure (morphology) of body part
2
Q
Anatomy
A
study of structure (morphology) of body part
3
Q
Physiology
A
study functions of body parts and how they interact
4
Q
Atom
A
smallest unit of human body
5
Q
What are the 8 levels of body organization?
A
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organism
6
Q
What are the five characteristics of life?
A
GR2M2
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Metabolism
7
Q
In characteristics of life, what is growth?
A
increasing body size from infant to adult, growing more cells
8
Q
In characteristics of life, what is reproduction?
A
producing new organisms
9
Q
In characteristics of life, what is responsiveness?
A
reacts to internal and external changes
10
Q
In characteristics of life, what is movement?
A
can change position of body or body part (motion of internal fluids and organs)
11
Q
In characteristics of life, what is metabolism?
A
nutrient cycling (sum of all chemical reactions going on at a given time) and energy transformation
12
Q
What are the four types of metabolism?
A
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Circulation
- Excretion
13
Q
Respiration
A
capturing and releasing energy from food by using oxygen and releasing CO2
14
Q
Digestion
A
breaking food into usable forms, then absorbed into blood
15
Q
Circulation
A
mvt of cells and chemicals in body fluids
16
Q
Excretion
A
removal metabolic wastes
17
Q
Smallest organism that shows characteristics of life
A
Cell
18
Q
Smallest organism that shows characteristics of life
A
Cell
19
Q
Homeostasis
A
body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable environment
20
Q
3 components of homeostatic mechanisms
A
- Receptors
- Set point
- Effectors
21
Q
Receptors
A
Homeostasis mechanism; get info about internal environment
22
Q
Set point
A
homeostasis mechanism - what should the normal X be (ie - temperature)
23
Q
Effectors
A
homeostasis mechanism - respond and alters conditions to internal environment
24
Q
What is the process of maintaining homeostasis
A
Stimulus changes internal environment
⇒ sensed by receptors
⇒ info sent to control center (central nervous system)
⇒ control center processes info and sends to effectors (muscle or gland)
⇒ homeostasis achieved
25
homeostasis is achieved through
negative feedback (action to return to set point)
26
Positive feedback
intensifies a change in body’s physiological condition rather than reversing
27
Positive feedback is a ___ -term change
short
28
Examples of positive feedback
pregnancy, blood clotting
29
Examples of positive feedback
pregnancy, blood clotting
30
What are the three environmental prerequisites for life?
1. Chemicals
2. Heat
3. Pressure
31
Axial
section of body that does not include limbs
32
Appendicular
section of the body that includes limbs
33
What are the four main cavities in the body?
1. Cranial
2. Vertebral canal
3. Thoracic
4. Abdominopelvic
34
Cranial cavity
-one of four main body cavities
-houses brain
35
Vertebral canal
-one of four main body cavities
-spinal cord and sections of backbone
36
Thoracic cavity
-one of four main body cavities
-has lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus
37
Abdominopelvic cavity
-one of four main body cavities
-can be split into abdominal and pelvic
38
Pelvic cavity has which body parts?
-enclosed by hips, hip bones, has end of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
39
Abdominal cavity has which body parts?
Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of small and large intestines
40
6 smaller cavities in the head are
1. frontal sinuses
2. sphenoidal sinus (connected to nose)
3. orbital cavities
4. nasal cavity
5. tympanic cavity
6. oral cavity
41
Thoracic cavity has two ___ cavities
pleural
42
Space between pleural cavities is the
mediastinum
43
Mediastinum has the ____ cavity
pericardial
44
Mediastinum has these organs
esophagus, trachea, thymus, heart
45
Organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called the
viscera
46
Types of membranes
1. parietal (attached to wall of cavity)
2. visceral (covers organ)
47
Thoracic membranes
-parietal pleura and visceral pleura (lungs)
-parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (heart)
48
The space in between a parietal and visceral membrane, which is filled with liquid, is called
the __ cavity (blank being the bigger cavity, like pleural)
49
Abdominopelvic membranes
parietal and visceral peritoneum
50
Which abdominal quadrant houses the liver and gall bladder?
RUQ
51
Which abdominal quadrant houses the appendix?
RLQ
52
Which abdominal quadrant houses the stomach, spleen, and sections of the small and large intestines?
LUQ
53
The four abdominal quadrants are drawn at
the midline and the navel
54
Upper middle abdominal region
Epigastric
55
Upper right and upper left abdominal region (out of 9)
right and left hypochondriac
56
Middle abdominal region
Umbilical
57
Middle right and left abdominal region
right and left lumbar (or lateral)
58
Lower middle abdominal region
Pubic or hypogastric
59
Lower left and right abdominal regions (out of 9)
left and right inguinal or iliac
60
Acromial
point of shoulder
61
Antebrachial
forearm
62
Antecubital
space in front of elbow (crook of elbow)
63
Brachial
arm
64
carpal
wrist
65
cephalic
head
66
cervical
neck
67
coxal
hip
68
crural
leg
69
cubital
elbow
70
digital
finger or toe
71
dorsal
back
72
femoral
thigh
73
frontal
forehead
74
inguinal
groin
75
lumbar
loin (lower back between ribs and pelvis)
76
mental
chin
77
occipital
lower posterior of head
78
orbital
eye socket
79
patellar
front of knee
80
pectoral
anterior chest
81
pedal
foot
82
plantar
sole of foot
83
popliteal
area behind knee
84
sacral
posterior area between hips
85
sternal
middle thorax
86
sural
calf
87
tarsal
ankle
88
What are the 11 body systems
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Digestive
9. Respiratory
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
89
Integumentary system - job and organs?
1. skin - hair, nails, sweat sebaceous glands
2. protects underlying tissues, helps regulate temp, senses lots of things, synthesizes certain products
90
Skeletal system - job and organs?
1. bones, ligaments, cartilages
2. supports and protects soft tissues, provides framework/attachment points, stores inorganic salts, houses tissues that produce blood cells
91
Muscular system - job and organs?
1. includes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
2. provides body mvt and posture, major source of heat
92
Nervous system - job and organs?
1. includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
2. job is to get sensory info, analyze and decide response
3. communication from cells through chemical signals called neurotransmitters
93
Endocrine system - job and organs?
1. All glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones), such as hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, thymus glands, plus pancreas, ovaries, testes and more!
2. Hormones affect group of cells called target cells; alters their metabolism
3. Also regulates the body, but more long-term than short-term
94
Cardiovascular system - job and organs?
1. heart, blood vessels, blood
2. transportation - distributes O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones and removes wastes from cells
95
Lymphatic system - job and organs?
1. immunity and fluid balance
2. Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph (type of fluid)
3. Drains tissue fluid and returns to blood steam
4. Use lymphocytes - type of white blood cells used to defend body against infection
96
Digestive system- job and organs?
1. Receives, breaks down and absorbs nutrients, excretes waste
2. Mouth, tongue, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and more! (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
97
Respiratory system - job and organs?
1. Moves air in and out of lungs, exchanges O2, CO2 between blood and air
2. Lungs and air passageways (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
98
Urinary system - job and organs?
1. Job is to remove waste from blood and help to maintain water and electrolyte balance
2. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
3. Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
99
Reproductive system - job and organs?
-Males - testes, scrotum, epididymis, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, urethra
Produces, maintains and moves sperm
-Females - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
Produces eggs (oocytes) receives sperm and develops offspring
100
Parts of a body are always listed from the _______ perspective
patient's
101
Positioning/directions in the body are always ________ to another body part
relative
102
Anterior
towards front
103
Posterior
towards back
104
Proximal
close to attachment site (limbs only)
105
Distal
farther from attachment site (limbs only)
106
superior
towards head (axial only)
107
inferior
away from head (axial only)
108
lateral
away from midline
109
medial
closer to midline
110
paired body parts on each side of midline
bilateral
111
two body parts on opposite sides of midline
contralateral
112
two body parts on the same side of the midline
ipsilateral
113
towards the surface of the skin
superficial or peripheral
114
deep
opposite superficial - deeper under skin
115
Three types of body planes or sections when dividing the body for things like MRIs
1. saggital
2. frontal
3. transverse
116
a body plane where you divide the right side from the left
sagittal
117
a body plan where you divide the front half (anterior) part of body from posterior part
frontal or coronal
118
a body plan where you divide horizontally
transverse
119
A type of cut that is done horizontally
cross section
120
a type of cut that is done at an angle
oblique
121
a type of cut done vertically
longitudinal
122
study of structure, function and abnormalities of cell
cytology
123
study of structure and function of tissues
histology
124
integumentary system
125
nervous system
126
endocrine system
127
lymphatic system
