Intro, Homeostasis, Body Systems, Basic Vocab Flashcards
Anatomy
study of structure (morphology) of body part
Anatomy
study of structure (morphology) of body part
Physiology
study functions of body parts and how they interact
Atom
smallest unit of human body
What are the 8 levels of body organization?
- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organism
What are the five characteristics of life?
GR2M2
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Metabolism
In characteristics of life, what is growth?
increasing body size from infant to adult, growing more cells
In characteristics of life, what is reproduction?
producing new organisms
In characteristics of life, what is responsiveness?
reacts to internal and external changes
In characteristics of life, what is movement?
can change position of body or body part (motion of internal fluids and organs)
In characteristics of life, what is metabolism?
nutrient cycling (sum of all chemical reactions going on at a given time) and energy transformation
What are the four types of metabolism?
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Circulation
- Excretion
Respiration
capturing and releasing energy from food by using oxygen and releasing CO2
Digestion
breaking food into usable forms, then absorbed into blood
Circulation
mvt of cells and chemicals in body fluids
Excretion
removal metabolic wastes
Smallest organism that shows characteristics of life
Cell
Smallest organism that shows characteristics of life
Cell
Homeostasis
body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable environment
3 components of homeostatic mechanisms
- Receptors
- Set point
- Effectors
Receptors
Homeostasis mechanism; get info about internal environment
Set point
homeostasis mechanism - what should the normal X be (ie - temperature)
Effectors
homeostasis mechanism - respond and alters conditions to internal environment
What is the process of maintaining homeostasis
Stimulus changes internal environment
⇒ sensed by receptors
⇒ info sent to control center (central nervous system)
⇒ control center processes info and sends to effectors (muscle or gland)
⇒ homeostasis achieved
homeostasis is achieved through
negative feedback (action to return to set point)
Positive feedback
intensifies a change in body’s physiological condition rather than reversing
Positive feedback is a ___ -term change
short
Examples of positive feedback
pregnancy, blood clotting
Examples of positive feedback
pregnancy, blood clotting
What are the three environmental prerequisites for life?
- Chemicals
- Heat
- Pressure
Axial
section of body that does not include limbs
Appendicular
section of the body that includes limbs
What are the four main cavities in the body?
- Cranial
- Vertebral canal
- Thoracic
- Abdominopelvic
Cranial cavity
-one of four main body cavities
-houses brain
Vertebral canal
-one of four main body cavities
-spinal cord and sections of backbone
Thoracic cavity
-one of four main body cavities
-has lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus
Abdominopelvic cavity
-one of four main body cavities
-can be split into abdominal and pelvic
Pelvic cavity has which body parts?
-enclosed by hips, hip bones, has end of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
Abdominal cavity has which body parts?
Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of small and large intestines
6 smaller cavities in the head are
- frontal sinuses
- sphenoidal sinus (connected to nose)
- orbital cavities
- nasal cavity
- tympanic cavity
- oral cavity
Thoracic cavity has two ___ cavities
pleural
Space between pleural cavities is the
mediastinum
Mediastinum has the ____ cavity
pericardial
Mediastinum has these organs
esophagus, trachea, thymus, heart
Organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called the
viscera
Types of membranes
- parietal (attached to wall of cavity)
- visceral (covers organ)
Thoracic membranes
-parietal pleura and visceral pleura (lungs)
-parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (heart)
The space in between a parietal and visceral membrane, which is filled with liquid, is called
the __ cavity (blank being the bigger cavity, like pleural)
Abdominopelvic membranes
parietal and visceral peritoneum
Which abdominal quadrant houses the liver and gall bladder?
RUQ
Which abdominal quadrant houses the appendix?
RLQ
Which abdominal quadrant houses the stomach, spleen, and sections of the small and large intestines?
LUQ
The four abdominal quadrants are drawn at
the midline and the navel
Upper middle abdominal region
Epigastric
Upper right and upper left abdominal region (out of 9)
right and left hypochondriac
Middle abdominal region
Umbilical
Middle right and left abdominal region
right and left lumbar (or lateral)
Lower middle abdominal region
Pubic or hypogastric
Lower left and right abdominal regions (out of 9)
left and right inguinal or iliac
Acromial
point of shoulder
Antebrachial
forearm
Antecubital
space in front of elbow (crook of elbow)
Brachial
arm
carpal
wrist
cephalic
head
cervical
neck
coxal
hip
crural
leg
cubital
elbow
digital
finger or toe
dorsal
back
femoral
thigh
frontal
forehead
inguinal
groin
lumbar
loin (lower back between ribs and pelvis)
mental
chin
occipital
lower posterior of head
orbital
eye socket
patellar
front of knee
pectoral
anterior chest
pedal
foot
plantar
sole of foot
popliteal
area behind knee
sacral
posterior area between hips
sternal
middle thorax
sural
calf
tarsal
ankle
What are the 11 body systems
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Integumentary system - job and organs?
- skin - hair, nails, sweat sebaceous glands
- protects underlying tissues, helps regulate temp, senses lots of things, synthesizes certain products
Skeletal system - job and organs?
- bones, ligaments, cartilages
- supports and protects soft tissues, provides framework/attachment points, stores inorganic salts, houses tissues that produce blood cells
Muscular system - job and organs?
- includes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
- provides body mvt and posture, major source of heat
Nervous system - job and organs?
- includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
- job is to get sensory info, analyze and decide response
- communication from cells through chemical signals called neurotransmitters
Endocrine system - job and organs?
- All glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones), such as hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, thymus glands, plus pancreas, ovaries, testes and more!
- Hormones affect group of cells called target cells; alters their metabolism
- Also regulates the body, but more long-term than short-term
Cardiovascular system - job and organs?
- heart, blood vessels, blood
- transportation - distributes O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones and removes wastes from cells
Lymphatic system - job and organs?
- immunity and fluid balance
- Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph (type of fluid)
- Drains tissue fluid and returns to blood steam
- Use lymphocytes - type of white blood cells used to defend body against infection
Digestive system- job and organs?
- Receives, breaks down and absorbs nutrients, excretes waste
- Mouth, tongue, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and more! (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
Respiratory system - job and organs?
- Moves air in and out of lungs, exchanges O2, CO2 between blood and air
- Lungs and air passageways (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
Urinary system - job and organs?
- Job is to remove waste from blood and help to maintain water and electrolyte balance
- Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
Reproductive system - job and organs?
-Males - testes, scrotum, epididymis, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, urethra
Produces, maintains and moves sperm
-Females - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
Produces eggs (oocytes) receives sperm and develops offspring
Parts of a body are always listed from the _______ perspective
patient’s
Positioning/directions in the body are always ________ to another body part
relative
Anterior
towards front
Posterior
towards back
Proximal
close to attachment site (limbs only)
Distal
farther from attachment site (limbs only)
superior
towards head (axial only)
inferior
away from head (axial only)
lateral
away from midline
medial
closer to midline
paired body parts on each side of midline
bilateral
two body parts on opposite sides of midline
contralateral
two body parts on the same side of the midline
ipsilateral
towards the surface of the skin
superficial or peripheral
deep
opposite superficial - deeper under skin
Three types of body planes or sections when dividing the body for things like MRIs
- saggital
- frontal
- transverse
a body plane where you divide the right side from the left
sagittal
a body plan where you divide the front half (anterior) part of body from posterior part
frontal or coronal
a body plan where you divide horizontally
transverse
A type of cut that is done horizontally
cross section
a type of cut that is done at an angle
oblique
a type of cut done vertically
longitudinal
study of structure, function and abnormalities of cell
cytology
study of structure and function of tissues
histology
integumentary system
nervous system
endocrine system
lymphatic system
