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Anatomy and Physiology > Intro, Homeostasis, Body Systems, Basic Vocab > Flashcards

Intro, Homeostasis, Body Systems, Basic Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of structure (morphology) of body part

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

study of structure (morphology) of body part

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3
Q

Physiology

A

study functions of body parts and how they interact

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4
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of human body

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5
Q

What are the 8 levels of body organization?

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Macromolecules
  4. Cells
  5. Tissues
  6. Organs
  7. Organ systems
  8. Organism
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6
Q

What are the five characteristics of life?

A

GR2M2

  1. Growth
  2. Reproduction
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Movement
  5. Metabolism
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7
Q

In characteristics of life, what is growth?

A

increasing body size from infant to adult, growing more cells

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8
Q

In characteristics of life, what is reproduction?

A

producing new organisms

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9
Q

In characteristics of life, what is responsiveness?

A

reacts to internal and external changes

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10
Q

In characteristics of life, what is movement?

A

can change position of body or body part (motion of internal fluids and organs)

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11
Q

In characteristics of life, what is metabolism?

A

nutrient cycling (sum of all chemical reactions going on at a given time) and energy transformation

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12
Q

What are the four types of metabolism?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Digestion
  3. Circulation
  4. Excretion
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13
Q

Respiration

A

capturing and releasing energy from food by using oxygen and releasing CO2

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14
Q

Digestion

A

breaking food into usable forms, then absorbed into blood

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15
Q

Circulation

A

mvt of cells and chemicals in body fluids

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16
Q

Excretion

A

removal metabolic wastes

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17
Q

Smallest organism that shows characteristics of life

A

Cell

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18
Q

Smallest organism that shows characteristics of life

A

Cell

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable environment

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20
Q

3 components of homeostatic mechanisms

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Set point
  3. Effectors
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21
Q

Receptors

A

Homeostasis mechanism; get info about internal environment

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22
Q

Set point

A

homeostasis mechanism - what should the normal X be (ie - temperature)

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23
Q

Effectors

A

homeostasis mechanism - respond and alters conditions to internal environment

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24
Q

What is the process of maintaining homeostasis

A

Stimulus changes internal environment
⇒ sensed by receptors
⇒ info sent to control center (central nervous system)
⇒ control center processes info and sends to effectors (muscle or gland)
⇒ homeostasis achieved

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25
Q

homeostasis is achieved through

A

negative feedback (action to return to set point)

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26
Q

Positive feedback

A

intensifies a change in body’s physiological condition rather than reversing

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27
Q

Positive feedback is a ___ -term change

A

short

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28
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

pregnancy, blood clotting

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29
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

pregnancy, blood clotting

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30
Q

What are the three environmental prerequisites for life?

A
  1. Chemicals
  2. Heat
  3. Pressure
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31
Q

Axial

A

section of body that does not include limbs

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32
Q

Appendicular

A

section of the body that includes limbs

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33
Q

What are the four main cavities in the body?

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Vertebral canal
  3. Thoracic
  4. Abdominopelvic
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34
Q

Cranial cavity

A

-one of four main body cavities
-houses brain

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35
Q

Vertebral canal

A

-one of four main body cavities
-spinal cord and sections of backbone

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36
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

-one of four main body cavities
-has lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus

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37
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

-one of four main body cavities
-can be split into abdominal and pelvic

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38
Q

Pelvic cavity has which body parts?

A

-enclosed by hips, hip bones, has end of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

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39
Q

Abdominal cavity has which body parts?

A

Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, most of small and large intestines

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40
Q

6 smaller cavities in the head are

A
  1. frontal sinuses
  2. sphenoidal sinus (connected to nose)
  3. orbital cavities
  4. nasal cavity
  5. tympanic cavity
  6. oral cavity
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41
Q

Thoracic cavity has two ___ cavities

A

pleural

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42
Q

Space between pleural cavities is the

A

mediastinum

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43
Q

Mediastinum has the ____ cavity

A

pericardial

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44
Q

Mediastinum has these organs

A

esophagus, trachea, thymus, heart

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45
Q

Organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called the

A

viscera

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46
Q

Types of membranes

A
  1. parietal (attached to wall of cavity)
  2. visceral (covers organ)
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47
Q

Thoracic membranes

A

-parietal pleura and visceral pleura (lungs)
-parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (heart)

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48
Q

The space in between a parietal and visceral membrane, which is filled with liquid, is called

A

the __ cavity (blank being the bigger cavity, like pleural)

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49
Q

Abdominopelvic membranes

A

parietal and visceral peritoneum

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50
Q

Which abdominal quadrant houses the liver and gall bladder?

A

RUQ

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51
Q

Which abdominal quadrant houses the appendix?

A

RLQ

52
Q

Which abdominal quadrant houses the stomach, spleen, and sections of the small and large intestines?

A

LUQ

53
Q

The four abdominal quadrants are drawn at

A

the midline and the navel

54
Q

Upper middle abdominal region

A

Epigastric

55
Q

Upper right and upper left abdominal region (out of 9)

A

right and left hypochondriac

56
Q

Middle abdominal region

A

Umbilical

57
Q

Middle right and left abdominal region

A

right and left lumbar (or lateral)

58
Q

Lower middle abdominal region

A

Pubic or hypogastric

59
Q

Lower left and right abdominal regions (out of 9)

A

left and right inguinal or iliac

60
Q

Acromial

A

point of shoulder

61
Q

Antebrachial

A

forearm

62
Q

Antecubital

A

space in front of elbow (crook of elbow)

63
Q

Brachial

A

arm

64
Q

carpal

A

wrist

65
Q

cephalic

A

head

66
Q

cervical

A

neck

67
Q

coxal

A

hip

68
Q

crural

A

leg

69
Q

cubital

A

elbow

70
Q

digital

A

finger or toe

71
Q

dorsal

A

back

72
Q

femoral

A

thigh

73
Q

frontal

A

forehead

74
Q

inguinal

A

groin

75
Q

lumbar

A

loin (lower back between ribs and pelvis)

76
Q

mental

A

chin

77
Q

occipital

A

lower posterior of head

78
Q

orbital

A

eye socket

79
Q

patellar

A

front of knee

80
Q

pectoral

A

anterior chest

81
Q

pedal

A

foot

82
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

83
Q

popliteal

A

area behind knee

84
Q

sacral

A

posterior area between hips

85
Q

sternal

A

middle thorax

86
Q

sural

A

calf

87
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

88
Q

What are the 11 body systems

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Digestive
  9. Respiratory
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
89
Q

Integumentary system - job and organs?

A
  1. skin - hair, nails, sweat sebaceous glands
  2. protects underlying tissues, helps regulate temp, senses lots of things, synthesizes certain products
90
Q

Skeletal system - job and organs?

A
  1. bones, ligaments, cartilages
  2. supports and protects soft tissues, provides framework/attachment points, stores inorganic salts, houses tissues that produce blood cells
91
Q

Muscular system - job and organs?

A
  1. includes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
  2. provides body mvt and posture, major source of heat
92
Q

Nervous system - job and organs?

A
  1. includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
  2. job is to get sensory info, analyze and decide response
  3. communication from cells through chemical signals called neurotransmitters
93
Q

Endocrine system - job and organs?

A
  1. All glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones), such as hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, thymus glands, plus pancreas, ovaries, testes and more!
  2. Hormones affect group of cells called target cells; alters their metabolism
  3. Also regulates the body, but more long-term than short-term
94
Q

Cardiovascular system - job and organs?

A
  1. heart, blood vessels, blood
  2. transportation - distributes O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones and removes wastes from cells
95
Q

Lymphatic system - job and organs?

A
  1. immunity and fluid balance
  2. Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph (type of fluid)
  3. Drains tissue fluid and returns to blood steam
  4. Use lymphocytes - type of white blood cells used to defend body against infection
96
Q

Digestive system- job and organs?

A
  1. Receives, breaks down and absorbs nutrients, excretes waste
  2. Mouth, tongue, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and more! (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
97
Q

Respiratory system - job and organs?

A
  1. Moves air in and out of lungs, exchanges O2, CO2 between blood and air
  2. Lungs and air passageways (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
98
Q

Urinary system - job and organs?

A
  1. Job is to remove waste from blood and help to maintain water and electrolyte balance
  2. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  3. Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
99
Q

Reproductive system - job and organs?

A

-Males - testes, scrotum, epididymis, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostrate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, urethra
Produces, maintains and moves sperm
-Females - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
Produces eggs (oocytes) receives sperm and develops offspring

100
Q

Parts of a body are always listed from the _______ perspective

A

patient’s

101
Q

Positioning/directions in the body are always ________ to another body part

A

relative

102
Q

Anterior

A

towards front

103
Q

Posterior

A

towards back

104
Q

Proximal

A

close to attachment site (limbs only)

105
Q

Distal

A

farther from attachment site (limbs only)

106
Q

superior

A

towards head (axial only)

107
Q

inferior

A

away from head (axial only)

108
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

109
Q

medial

A

closer to midline

110
Q

paired body parts on each side of midline

A

bilateral

111
Q

two body parts on opposite sides of midline

A

contralateral

112
Q

two body parts on the same side of the midline

A

ipsilateral

113
Q

towards the surface of the skin

A

superficial or peripheral

114
Q

deep

A

opposite superficial - deeper under skin

115
Q

Three types of body planes or sections when dividing the body for things like MRIs

A
  1. saggital
  2. frontal
  3. transverse
116
Q

a body plane where you divide the right side from the left

A

sagittal

117
Q

a body plan where you divide the front half (anterior) part of body from posterior part

A

frontal or coronal

118
Q

a body plan where you divide horizontally

A

transverse

119
Q

A type of cut that is done horizontally

A

cross section

120
Q

a type of cut that is done at an angle

A

oblique

121
Q

a type of cut done vertically

A

longitudinal

122
Q

study of structure, function and abnormalities of cell

A

cytology

123
Q

study of structure and function of tissues

A

histology

124
Q
A

integumentary system

125
Q
A

nervous system

126
Q
A

endocrine system

127
Q
A

lymphatic system

Anatomy and Physiology (31 decks)

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