Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of structure (morphology) of body part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physiology

A

study functions of body parts and how they interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Smallest organism that shows characteristics of life

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Homeostasis

A

body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

pregnancy, blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Example of negative feedback

A

Body temp - rises –> sweat glands produce sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two major body cavities

A

Dorsal and ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two parts of the dorsal cavity?

A

cranial cavity and spinal cavity (vertebral canal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two parts of the ventral cavity?

A

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What organ(s) are in the cranial cavity?

A

Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What organ(s) are in the spinal cavity?

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What organ(s) are in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What organ(s) are in the thoracic cavity?

A

lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 11 body systems

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Skeletal
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Cardiovascular
  7. Lymphatic
  8. Digestive
  9. Respiratory
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Skeletal system - job and organs?

A
  1. bones, ligaments, cartilages
  2. supports and protects soft tissues, provides framework/attachment points, stores inorganic salts, houses tissues that produce blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Integumentary system - job and organs?

A
  1. skin, hair, nails
  2. protects underlying tissues, helps regulate temp, senses lots of things, synthesizes certain products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Muscular system - job and organs?

A
  1. includes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
  2. provides body mvt and posture, major source of heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nervous system - job and organs?

A
  1. includes brain, spinal cord, nerves
  2. job is to get sensory info, analyze and decide response
  3. communication from cells through chemical signals called neurotransmitters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endocrine system - job and organs?

A
  1. hypothalamus, pituitary, glands, and hormones
  2. Hormones affect group of cells called target cells; alters their metabolism
  3. Also regulates the body, but more long-term than short-term
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cardiovascular system - job and organs?

A
  1. heart, blood vessels, blood
  2. transportation - distributes O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones and removes wastes from cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lymphatic system - job and organs?

A
  1. immunity and fluid balance
  2. Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
  3. Drains tissue fluid and returns to blood steam
  4. Use lymphocytes - type of white blood cells used to defend body against infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Digestive system- job and organs?

A
  1. Receives, breaks down and absorbs nutrients, excretes waste
  2. Mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Respiratory system - job and organs?

A
  1. Moves air in and out of lungs, exchanges O2, CO2 between blood and air
  2. Lungs, trachea, bronchi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Urinary system - job and organs?

A
  1. Job is to remove waste from blood and help to maintain water and electrolyte balance
  2. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  3. Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Reproductive system - job and organs?

A

sex organs - produces gametes, reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a body plane where you divide the right side from the left

A

sagittal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

a body plan where you divide the front half (anterior) part of body from posterior part

A

frontal or coronal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

a body plane where you divide horizontally

A

transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
A

integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
A

lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

in which quadrant(s) is the liver?

A

RUQ and LUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

in which quadrant(s) is the gallbladder?

A

RUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

in which quadrant(s) are the kidneys?

A

all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

in which quadrant(s) is the pancreas?

A

RUQ and LUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

in which quadrant(s) is the duodenum?

A

RUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

in which quadrant(s) is the stomach?

A

LUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

in which quadrant(s) is the spleen?

A

LUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in which quadrant(s) is the appendix?

A

RLQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

in which quadrant(s) is the colon?

A

RLQ, LLQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

directs cell activities (ie growth, metabolism, reproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

3 parts of animal cells

A
  1. membrane (plasma membrane, outer wall)
  2. cytoplasm (holds organelles, downtown)
  3. nucleus (holds genetic material, control center)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does nucleolus look like?

A

avocado pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is inside the nucleus?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

powerhouse of the cell - cellular respiration; ATP made from glucose and O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What does the mitochondria look like?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Ribosomes are connected to

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum look like?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

protein synthesis and transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which ER has ribosomes?

A

Rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis where amino acids made into polypeptide chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does the golgi apparatus look like?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are three things the golgi apparatus does to proteins?

A
  1. modify
  2. package
  3. transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What do lysosomes look like?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are three functions of lysosomes?

A

Hungry hungry hippos!

  1. break down waste materials
  2. get rid of cellular debris
  3. break down foreign invaders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are three functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. structural support
  2. maintains shape of cell
  3. helps facilitate cell mvt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are two functions of centrioles?

A
  1. Hold chromosomes in place during cell division
  2. Deliver chromosomes to new cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Plasma membrane is made of a bilayer of ____

A

phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the two functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. cell to cell recognition, adhesion and communication
  2. customs - controls passage of materials in and out of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are 7 main types of organelles?

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Lysosomes
  6. Cytoskeleton
  7. Centrioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Four major tissues in body

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Connective
  3. Epithelial
  4. Nervous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are three functions of epithelial tissues

A

Three s’s (remember: snake skin!)

  1. Shield
  2. Secrete (and absorb)
  3. Sense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

in which three places can epithelial tissues be found?

A
  1. covering body surfaces
  2. lining cavities/organs
  3. forming glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are four physical traits of epithelial tissues?

A

Onions

  1. LAYERS - have one or more layers of tightly-packed cells
  2. COMPACT - joined by junctions, provide good layer
  3. NO BLOOD - No blood vessels
  4. NERVES - Lots of nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

in which two ways are epithelial tissues classified?

A

shape and arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what are the three different types of shapes epithelial tissues can be?

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are the three types of ways epithelial tissue can be arranged?

A

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where is pseudostratified epithelial tissue?

A

Trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

5 functions of connective tissues

A

Spiderwebs

  1. Structural support
  2. Bind structures together
  3. Fills space
  4. Insulate
  5. Transports materials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

6 examples of connective tissues

A
  1. Bone
  2. cartilage
  3. ligaments
  4. tendons
  5. blood
  6. adipose tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What does connective tissue look like?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are two main characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  1. have extracellular matrix
  2. have blood/blood vessels (except cartilage and tendons)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is ECM?

A

content between connective tissue cells formed by ground substance and protein fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth, cardiac or skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

muscle tissue are made of long __ __ and specialized for ____

A

muscle fibers; specialized for contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what are the three function of skeletal muscle?

A

voluntary mvt
posture
heat generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

involuntary contraction of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle?

A

involuntary mvt of internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what does nervous tissue do?

A

-conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities
-allows cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Skin’s two layers (and honorary layer)

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous/hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What type/shape of cells is the epidermis made of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

How many layers does the epidermis usually have? How many does it have in thick skin?

A

4; 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what type of epidermal layer is only in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what layer of the epidermis has blood vessels and acts as stem cells to create new cells?

A

stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial and only has flattened keratinized cells?

A

stratum corneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

which middle layer of the epidermis starts to form keratin?

A

stratum granulosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

in which layer of the epidermis to the cells start to flatten?

A

stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

most of the epidermis does not have ____ and gets nourishment from the dermis

A

blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what glands exist in the dermis?

A

sweat and sebaceous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what five things are in the dermis

A
  1. connective tissue
  2. hair follicles
  3. glands
  4. nerves
  5. blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Another name of subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

three functions of hypodermis

A

Ics

  1. insulates body heat
  2. provides cushioning
  3. stores energy reserves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what is the hypodermis made of?

A

loose connective tissue and fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

4 functions of epidermis

A

BPDs

  1. waterproof barrier
  2. protects against pathogens
  3. synthesizes vitamin D
  4. skin tone/pigmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

5 functions of dermis

A

TNsssssss

  1. supports epidermis
  2. structure and flexibility
  3. sensory receptors
  4. regulates temp
  5. nourishes epidermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q
A
109
Q

what do smooth muscle tissues look like?

A
110
Q

what does cardiac muscle tissue look like?

A
111
Q

which muscular types have striations?

A

skeletal and cardiac

112
Q

where are skeletal muscles found?

A

attached to bones by tendons

113
Q

what 3 things are smooth muscles regulated by?

A
  1. nervous system
  2. hormones
  3. local factors
114
Q

what is the function of smooth muscles?

A

regulates organ functions

115
Q

Trapezius

A
116
Q

Pectoralis major

A
117
Q

Latissmus dorsi

A
118
Q

Rectus abdominis

A
119
Q

Ab muscles

A

rectus abdominus

120
Q

External abdominal oblique

A
121
Q

erector spinae

A
122
Q

Bicep brachii

A
123
Q

Tricep brachii

A
124
Q

shoulder cap muscle

A

deltoid

125
Q

Brachialis

A
126
Q

what are the four muscles of the quadriceps

A

Vastus lateralis, Rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis

127
Q

Rectus femoris

A
128
Q

what are the three hamstring muscles?

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

129
Q

Biceps femoris

A
130
Q

Semitendinosus

A
131
Q

Semimembranosus

A
132
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Medial side

133
Q

Soleus

A

Lateral

134
Q

Three functions of nervous system

A
  1. Sense/process
  2. Integrate
  3. Motor/Effect
135
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges and where are they?

A
  1. dura matter (outermost - attached to skull)
  2. arachnoid matter
  3. pia matter (deepest - attached to brain)
136
Q

Two types of nervous system and their body parts

A
  1. Central (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral (PNS) - cranial nerves and spinal nerves
137
Q

Two subdivisions of PNS

A

Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

138
Q

Function of PNS

A

send sensory info to CNS and then commands from CNS to body

139
Q

bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

corpus callosum

140
Q

the _____ lobe houses motor areas for speech, judgement and problem-solving

A

frontal

141
Q

this part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sensory input

A

parietal lobe (cerebrum)

142
Q

the _____ lobe deals with memory, emotion, balance, and interprets sensory information from the ears

A

temporal

143
Q

3 parts of brainstem from superior to inferior

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

144
Q

What is the primary function of the brainstem?

A

regulates visceral activities

145
Q

two important parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

146
Q

this part of the brain sorts and directs most sensory info to the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

147
Q

What is the endocrine system’s main job?

A

maintain homeostasis

148
Q

Master control system of endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

149
Q

What are the five main glands of the endocrine system?

A
  1. pituitary
  2. thyroid
  3. parathyroid
  4. adrenal
  5. pancreas
150
Q

series of four glands on the posterior side of the thyroid

A

parathyroid

151
Q

these glands are attached to the superior part of the kidney

A

Adrenal glands/superenal

152
Q

where is the pancreas?

A

deep to the stomach

153
Q

these six hormones get released from the anterior pituitary

A
  1. growth
  2. prolactin (PRL)
  3. thyroid-stimulating (TSH)
  4. adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
  5. follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)
  6. luteinizing hormone (LH)
154
Q

these two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary

A

Antidiuretic hormones (ADH), Oxytocin (OT)

155
Q

this hormone stimulates cell division and speeds metabolism, and gets released due to chemicals in the blood

A

growth

156
Q

this hormone promotes milk following birth

A

prolactin (PRL)

157
Q

controls release of hormones from thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin or TSH)

158
Q

these hormones control the release of certain hormones from adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)

159
Q

this hormone contributes to egg and sperm development

A

follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)

160
Q

this hormone releases eggs from the ovaries

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

161
Q

what are the three hormones active in the thyroid gland?

A

t3, t4 and calcitonin

162
Q

this hormone is found in the thyroid and lowers blood levels for calcium and phosphate by promoting calcium deposition in bones

A

calcitonin

163
Q

these hormones increase rate at which cells release energy from carbs, increase rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates breakdown of lipids/fat; they also determine the a person’s BMR

A

t3 and t4

164
Q

the only hormone of note in the parathyroid

A

parathyroid hormone

165
Q

Gets secreted in response to low blood calcium levels - promotes resorption of calcium from bone tissue (inhibits blasts), increases resorption of calcium in kidneys, stimulates excretion of phosphate, stimulates calcitriol in kidneys (increases calcium absorption from small intestine)

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

166
Q

this hormone is the antagonist for ACTH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

167
Q

this is the antagonist to the parathyroid hormone

A

calcitonin

168
Q

the adrenal glands are composed of an outer ____ and an inner ___

A

adrenal cortex; medulla

169
Q

what does the ADH hormone do?

A

regulates water balance via kidneys

170
Q

which two hormones are found in the adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol and aldosterone

171
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

regulates metabolism, immune responses and stress responses

172
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

regulates sodium and potassium levels which influences blood pressure

173
Q

which two hormones are found in the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

174
Q

what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses that influence heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels

175
Q

what two main hormones are found in the pancreas?

A

insulin and glucagon

176
Q

what does insulin do?

A

lower blood glucose levels by stimulating cells to absorb it and stimulating storage of glucose and glycogen

177
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and glucose release from liver?

178
Q

what is the antagonist to insulin?

A

glucagon

179
Q

what is the anatomical name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocyte

180
Q

two main parts of blood and their respective percentages

A

formed elements (45%), plasma (55%)

181
Q

Three functions of blood

A
  1. TRANSPORT of nutrients, hormones, gasses and wastes
  2. MAINTAIN homeostasis via regulation of pH, temp and fluid balance
  3. PROTECTION via fighting infection and blood clots
182
Q

three parts of formed elements and their percentages

A
  1. red blood cells (95.1%)
  2. white blood cells (.1%)
  3. platelets (4.8%)
183
Q

what is the purpose of red blood cells?

A

gas transport

184
Q

At a cellular level, what are platelets?

A

not complete cells; pieces of megakaryocytes, do not have nucleus

185
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting

186
Q

what are the two primary components of plasma and their respective percentages?

A

water - 92%
proteins - 7%

187
Q

what are the six minor components of plasma?

A

Electric vehicles giving hella new world

electrolytes
waste
nutrients
vitamins
hormones
gasses

188
Q

what are the three functions of plasma?

A
  1. transport nutrients and gasses
  2. regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
  3. maintain pH
189
Q

the covering of the heart is called the

A

pericardium

190
Q

two layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous and serous

191
Q

what are the three parts of the serous pericardium from superficial to deep?

A

parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
visceral pericardium

192
Q

this layer of pericardium is also the outermost layer of the heart wall

A

visceral/epicardium

193
Q

3 layers of heart wall from superficial to deep

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
194
Q

what is the endocardium made of?

A

connective tissue and epithelium

195
Q
A
196
Q

these first branches of the aorta go back to the heart to supply it with blood

A

right and left coronary arteries

197
Q

these drain deoxygenated blood from inside the heart into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium

A

coronary veins

198
Q

Cardiac cycle made of two alternating states, __ and __

A

systole; diastole

199
Q

What is happening during the first heart sound?

A

Ventricular systole - AV valves close

200
Q

What is happening during the second heart sound?

A

Semilunar valves close

201
Q

3 parts of ECG

A
  1. P wave
  2. QRS complex
  3. T wave
202
Q

In this section of an ECG, the atria depolarize

A

P wave

203
Q

In this part of an ECG, the ventricles repolarize

A

T

204
Q

O2-rich blood returns to left atrium via

A

pulmonary veins

205
Q

pulmonary arteries have what type of blood?

A

O2-poor

206
Q

what are the body’s two methods of fighting of pathogens?

A

innate and adaptive defenses

207
Q

Innate defenses have ___ lines of defense

A

2

208
Q

what are four example of mechanical barriers?

A

AKA boggy moat around castle

  1. skin
  2. hair
  3. mucus
  4. sweat
209
Q

what are five examples of the body’s second line of defense?

A
  1. chemical barriers
  2. natural killer cells
  3. inflammation
  4. phagocytosis
  5. fever
210
Q

what are the two types of adaptive defense?

A

cellular immune response and humoral immune response

211
Q

innate defenses are ____ but not ___

A

fast; specific

212
Q

adaptive defense are ___ but _____

A

slower; specific

213
Q

what is the difference in approach between T and B cells when it comes to immune response?

A

T attack directly (bounty hunter), B produce antibodies, which then attack (generals)

214
Q

What are the four main functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. mechanical digestion
  2. chemical digestion
  3. absorption
  4. propulsion and elimination
215
Q

type of digestion breaks down large pieces of food into smaller

A

mechanical

216
Q

type of digestion breaks chemical bonds and thereby breaks down large nutrients into smaller ones

A

chemical

217
Q

in the digestive system, what is absorption?

A

nutrients passing from the digestive tract into the bloodstream

218
Q

enzyme that begins to break down starch in saliva

A

amylase

219
Q

what is the function of the stomach?

A

stores and mixes food with gastric juice

220
Q

the stomach begins the digestion of _____ through ____ and ____

A

proteins; hydrochloric acid; pepsin

221
Q

what is the function of the small intestine?

A

mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice and is main site of nutrient absorption

222
Q

what are the three sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

223
Q

what is the function of the large intestine?

A

absorbs water and vitamins and pushes stool out of body

224
Q

what are four functions of the liver?

A
  1. produces bile for digestion
  2. detoxifies blood
  3. synthesizes proteins
  4. stores vitamins and minerals
225
Q

what is the main function of the pancreas in digestion? What does this action result in?

A

secreting digestive juice, which helps with breakdown of carbs, proteins and fats

226
Q

other than secreting pancreatic juice, what does the pancreas do?

A

produces insulin and glucagon

227
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile

228
Q

what are the five functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. gas exchange btwn body and environment
  2. ventilation - process of breathing
  3. pH - bicarbonate related to Co2 levels in blood
  4. smell by directing air molecules
  5. sound production by providing air for larynx
229
Q

what are the five main structures of the nose?

A
  1. nostrils
  2. nasal cavity
  3. olfactory receptors
  4. septum
  5. paranasal sinuses
230
Q

what is the function of the nasal cavity and what is it lined with?

A

warms and humidifies air; lined with mucous membrane

231
Q

where are the olfactory receptors and what is their function?

A

upper nasal cavity; responsible for sense of smell

232
Q

what is the function of the nasal septum?

A

divides into two chambers

233
Q

what are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. lighten skull
  2. produce mucous
  3. regulate pressure in head
234
Q

where are the paranasal sinuses?

A

adjacent to the nasal cavity

235
Q

the double membrane around the lung

A

pleura

236
Q

the two layers of the pleura and their attachment points

A

visceral - lung
parietal - thoracic cavity

237
Q

Four functions of urinary system

A
  1. FILTRATION - removes metabolic waste from blood
  2. FLUIDS - maintain normal level of fluid and electrolytes, affects blood pressure
  3. pH - controls secretion of H+ and bicarbonate which controls pH of blood
  4. HORMONES - regulates red blood cell production and renin (blood pressure)
238
Q

where do kidneys get their blood supply from?

A

abdominal aorta via right and left renal arteries

239
Q

where does blood leave the kidneys after filtration?

A

via right and left renal veins, drain into inferior vena cava (IVC)

240
Q

outer layer of the kidney and what it has

A

renal cortex; tons of nephrons

241
Q

inner layer of the kidney and what it contains

A

renal medulla; collecting ducts that drain from nephrons

242
Q

what is the final draining point of the kidneys before the ureter?

A

renal pelvis

243
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

nephrons

244
Q

two parts of a nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

245
Q

two parts of renal corpuscle

A
  1. glomerulus (blood vessels)
  2. glomerular capsule (surrounds blood vessels)
246
Q

this part of nephron filters waste products and toxins from the blood

A

glomerulus

247
Q

what part of a nephron reabsorbs water, electrolytes and other essential substances after the glomerulus filters them out?

A

renal tubule

248
Q

where are the testes and what do they do?

A

oval-shaped organs in the scrotum; produce sperm

249
Q

what are they two main structures in the testes?

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
  2. leydig cells
250
Q

what do seminiferous tubules do?

A

produce sperm

251
Q

what do leydig cells do?

A

produce testosterone

252
Q

what is the function of the scrotum?

A

keeps testes at good temp for sperm production

253
Q

where is the epididymis and what is its function?

A

back of each testis, stores sperm cells as they mature and learn how to swim

254
Q

what is the vas deferens?

A

long, muscular tube that carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

255
Q

where are the seminal vesicles and what do they do?

A

two glands near base of bladder; produce fructose-rich fluid that nourishes and protects sperm during ejaculation

256
Q

where is the prostate gland and what does it do?

A

below bladder (shaped like walnut); contributes to semen - helps sperm move, neutralize acidity in vagina and nourishes sperm

257
Q
A
258
Q

what are the 2 functions of the ovaries?

A
  1. produce and store egg cells
  2. release hormones
259
Q

which hormones do the ovaries release?

A

estrogen and progesterone

260
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

capture released egg during ovulation and provide pathway for sperm reaching egg

261
Q

finger-like projections at end of fallopian tubes that help capture egg

A

fimbriae

262
Q

what two organs is the uterus between?

A

bladder and rectum

263
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus wall?

A
  1. endometrium (inner)
  2. myometrium (middle)
  3. perimetrium (outer)
264
Q

which layer of the uterus thickens with blood vessels in preparation for pregnancy and then sheds during menstruation?

A

endometrium

265
Q

which layer of the uterus is responsible for uterine contractions?

A

myometrium

266
Q

lower end of uterus that projects into vagina

A

cervix

267
Q

the ____ of the cervix dilates during childbirth to allow the baby to pass

A

os

268
Q

the ___ is covered in a mucosal membrane; the amount of mucous changes throughout the menstrual cycle, which affects sperm passage

A

cervix

Anatomy and Physiology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions