Final Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of structure (morphology) of body part
2
Q
Physiology
A
study functions of body parts and how they interact
3
Q
Smallest organism that shows characteristics of life
A
Cell
4
Q
Homeostasis
A
body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable environment
5
Q
Examples of positive feedback
A
pregnancy, blood clotting
6
Q
Example of negative feedback
A
Body temp - rises –> sweat glands produce sweat
7
Q
Two major body cavities
A
Dorsal and ventral
8
Q
What are the two parts of the dorsal cavity?
A
cranial cavity and spinal cavity (vertebral canal)
9
Q
What are the two parts of the ventral cavity?
A
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
10
Q
What organ(s) are in the cranial cavity?
A
Brain
11
Q
What organ(s) are in the spinal cavity?
A
spinal cord
12
Q
What organ(s) are in the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
13
Q
What organ(s) are in the thoracic cavity?
A
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea
14
Q
What are the 11 body systems
A
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Reproductive
15
Q
Skeletal system - job and organs?
A
- bones, ligaments, cartilages
- supports and protects soft tissues, provides framework/attachment points, stores inorganic salts, houses tissues that produce blood cells
16
Q
Integumentary system - job and organs?
A
- skin, hair, nails
- protects underlying tissues, helps regulate temp, senses lots of things, synthesizes certain products
17
Q
Muscular system - job and organs?
A
- includes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
- provides body mvt and posture, major source of heat
18
Q
Nervous system - job and organs?
A
- includes brain, spinal cord, nerves
- job is to get sensory info, analyze and decide response
- communication from cells through chemical signals called neurotransmitters
19
Q
Endocrine system - job and organs?
A
- hypothalamus, pituitary, glands, and hormones
- Hormones affect group of cells called target cells; alters their metabolism
- Also regulates the body, but more long-term than short-term
20
Q
Cardiovascular system - job and organs?
A
- heart, blood vessels, blood
- transportation - distributes O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones and removes wastes from cells
21
Q
Lymphatic system - job and organs?
A
- immunity and fluid balance
- Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
- Drains tissue fluid and returns to blood steam
- Use lymphocytes - type of white blood cells used to defend body against infection
22
Q
Digestive system- job and organs?
A
- Receives, breaks down and absorbs nutrients, excretes waste
- Mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
23
Q
Respiratory system - job and organs?
A
- Moves air in and out of lungs, exchanges O2, CO2 between blood and air
- Lungs, trachea, bronchi
24
Q
Urinary system - job and organs?
A
- Job is to remove waste from blood and help to maintain water and electrolyte balance
- Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
25
Reproductive system - job and organs?
sex organs - produces gametes, reproduction
26
a body plane where you divide the right side from the left
sagittal
27
a body plan where you divide the front half (anterior) part of body from posterior part
frontal or coronal
28
a body plane where you divide horizontally
transverse
29
integumentary system
30
nervous system
31
lymphatic system
32
in which quadrant(s) is the liver?
RUQ and LUQ
33
in which quadrant(s) is the gallbladder?
RUQ
34
in which quadrant(s) are the kidneys?
all
35
in which quadrant(s) is the pancreas?
RUQ and LUQ
36
in which quadrant(s) is the duodenum?
RUQ
37
in which quadrant(s) is the stomach?
LUQ
38
in which quadrant(s) is the spleen?
LUQ
39
in which quadrant(s) is the appendix?
RLQ
40
in which quadrant(s) is the colon?
RLQ, LLQ
41
what is the function of the nucleus?
directs cell activities (ie growth, metabolism, reproduction)
42
3 parts of animal cells
1. membrane (plasma membrane, outer wall)
2. cytoplasm (holds organelles, downtown)
3. nucleus (holds genetic material, control center)
43
What does nucleolus look like?
avocado pit
44
what is inside the nucleus?
DNA
45
what is the function of the mitochondria?
powerhouse of the cell - cellular respiration; ATP made from glucose and O2
46
What does the mitochondria look like?
47
Ribosomes are connected to
the endoplasmic reticulum
48
What does the endoplasmic reticulum look like?
49
what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
protein synthesis and transport
50
what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage
51
Which ER has ribosomes?
Rough
52
what is the function of ribosomes?
site of protein synthesis where amino acids made into polypeptide chains
53
What does the golgi apparatus look like?
54
What are three things the golgi apparatus does to proteins?
1. modify
2. package
3. transport
55
What do lysosomes look like?
56
What are three functions of lysosomes?
Hungry hungry hippos!
1. break down waste materials
2. get rid of cellular debris
3. break down foreign invaders
57
what are three functions of the cytoskeleton?
1. structural support
2. maintains shape of cell
3. helps facilitate cell mvt
58
What are two functions of centrioles?
1. Hold chromosomes in place during cell division
2. Deliver chromosomes to new cell
59
Plasma membrane is made of a bilayer of ____
phospholipids
60
What are the two functions of the plasma membrane?
1. cell to cell recognition, adhesion and communication
2. customs - controls passage of materials in and out of cells
61
what are 7 main types of organelles?
1. Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Mitochondria
5. Lysosomes
6. Cytoskeleton
7. Centrioles
62
Four major tissues in body
1. Muscle
2. Connective
3. Epithelial
4. Nervous
63
What are three functions of epithelial tissues
Three s's (remember: snake skin!)
1. Shield
2. Secrete (and absorb)
3. Sense
64
in which three places can epithelial tissues be found?
1. covering body surfaces
2. lining cavities/organs
3. forming glands
65
What are four physical traits of epithelial tissues?
Onions
1. LAYERS - have one or more layers of tightly-packed cells
2. COMPACT - joined by junctions, provide good layer
3. NO BLOOD - No blood vessels
4. NERVES - Lots of nerves
66
in which two ways are epithelial tissues classified?
shape and arrangement
67
what are the three different types of shapes epithelial tissues can be?
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
68
what are the three types of ways epithelial tissue can be arranged?
simple, stratified, pseudostratified
69
Where is pseudostratified epithelial tissue?
Trachea
70
5 functions of connective tissues
Spiderwebs
1. Structural support
2. Bind structures together
3. Fills space
4. Insulate
5. Transports materials
71
6 examples of connective tissues
1. Bone
2. cartilage
3. ligaments
4. tendons
5. blood
6. adipose tissue
72
What does connective tissue look like?
73
What are two main characteristics of connective tissue?
1. have extracellular matrix
2. have blood/blood vessels (except cartilage and tendons)
74
What is ECM?
content between connective tissue cells formed by ground substance and protein fibers
75
3 types of muscle tissue
Smooth, cardiac or skeletal
76
muscle tissue are made of long __ __ and specialized for ____
muscle fibers; specialized for contraction
77
what are the three function of skeletal muscle?
voluntary mvt
posture
heat generation
78
what is the function of cardiac muscle?
involuntary contraction of heart
79
what is the function of smooth muscle?
involuntary mvt of internal organs
80
what does nervous tissue do?
-conduct impulses that help control and coordinate body activities
-allows cognition
81
Skin's two layers (and honorary layer)
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous/hypodermis
82
What type/shape of cells is the epidermis made of?
stratified squamous epithelium
83
How many layers does the epidermis usually have? How many does it have in thick skin?
4; 5
84
what type of epidermal layer is only in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum
85
what layer of the epidermis has blood vessels and acts as stem cells to create new cells?
stratum basale
86
which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial and only has flattened keratinized cells?
stratum corneum
87
which middle layer of the epidermis starts to form keratin?
stratum granulosum
88
in which layer of the epidermis to the cells start to flatten?
stratum spinosum
89
most of the epidermis does not have ____ and gets nourishment from the dermis
blood vessels
90
what glands exist in the dermis?
sweat and sebaceous
91
what five things are in the dermis
1. connective tissue
2. hair follicles
3. glands
4. nerves
5. blood vessels
92
Another name of subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
93
three functions of hypodermis
Ics
1. insulates body heat
2. provides cushioning
3. stores energy reserves
94
what is the hypodermis made of?
loose connective tissue and fat cells
95
4 functions of epidermis
BPDs
1. waterproof barrier
2. protects against pathogens
3. synthesizes vitamin D
4. skin tone/pigmentation
96
5 functions of dermis
TNsssssss
1. supports epidermis
2. structure and flexibility
3. sensory receptors
4. regulates temp
5. nourishes epidermis
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
what do smooth muscle tissues look like?
110
what does cardiac muscle tissue look like?
111
which muscular types have striations?
skeletal and cardiac
112
where are skeletal muscles found?
attached to bones by tendons
113
what 3 things are smooth muscles regulated by?
1. nervous system
2. hormones
3. local factors
114
what is the function of smooth muscles?
regulates organ functions
115
Trapezius
116
Pectoralis major
117
Latissmus dorsi
118
Rectus abdominis
119
Ab muscles
rectus abdominus
120
External abdominal oblique
121
erector spinae
122
Bicep brachii
123
Tricep brachii
124
shoulder cap muscle
deltoid
125
Brachialis
126
what are the four muscles of the quadriceps
Vastus lateralis, Rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis
127
Rectus femoris
128
what are the three hamstring muscles?
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
129
Biceps femoris
130
Semitendinosus
131
Semimembranosus
132
Gastrocnemius
Medial side
133
Soleus
Lateral
134
Three functions of nervous system
1. Sense/process
2. Integrate
3. Motor/Effect
135
What are the three layers of the meninges and where are they?
1. dura matter (outermost - attached to skull)
2. arachnoid matter
3. pia matter (deepest - attached to brain)
136
Two types of nervous system and their body parts
1. Central (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral (PNS) - cranial nerves and spinal nerves
137
Two subdivisions of PNS
Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
138
Function of PNS
send sensory info to CNS and then commands from CNS to body
139
bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
140
the _____ lobe houses motor areas for speech, judgement and problem-solving
frontal
141
this part of the brain is responsible for interpreting sensory input
parietal lobe (cerebrum)
142
the _____ lobe deals with memory, emotion, balance, and interprets sensory information from the ears
temporal
143
3 parts of brainstem from superior to inferior
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
144
What is the primary function of the brainstem?
regulates visceral activities
145
two important parts of the diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
146
this part of the brain sorts and directs most sensory info to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
147
What is the endocrine system's main job?
maintain homeostasis
148
Master control system of endocrine system
Hypothalamus
149
What are the five main glands of the endocrine system?
1. pituitary
2. thyroid
3. parathyroid
4. adrenal
5. pancreas
150
series of four glands on the posterior side of the thyroid
parathyroid
151
these glands are attached to the superior part of the kidney
Adrenal glands/superenal
152
where is the pancreas?
deep to the stomach
153
these six hormones get released from the anterior pituitary
1. growth
2. prolactin (PRL)
3. thyroid-stimulating (TSH)
4. adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
5. follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)
6. luteinizing hormone (LH)
154
these two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormones (ADH), Oxytocin (OT)
155
this hormone stimulates cell division and speeds metabolism, and gets released due to chemicals in the blood
growth
156
this hormone promotes milk following birth
prolactin (PRL)
157
controls release of hormones from thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin or TSH)
158
these hormones control the release of certain hormones from adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
159
this hormone contributes to egg and sperm development
follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)
160
this hormone releases eggs from the ovaries
luteinizing hormone (LH)
161
what are the three hormones active in the thyroid gland?
t3, t4 and calcitonin
162
this hormone is found in the thyroid and lowers blood levels for calcium and phosphate by promoting calcium deposition in bones
calcitonin
163
these hormones increase rate at which cells release energy from carbs, increase rate of protein synthesis, and stimulates breakdown of lipids/fat; they also determine the a person's BMR
t3 and t4
164
the only hormone of note in the parathyroid
parathyroid hormone
165
Gets secreted in response to low blood calcium levels - promotes resorption of calcium from bone tissue (inhibits blasts), increases resorption of calcium in kidneys, stimulates excretion of phosphate, stimulates calcitriol in kidneys (increases calcium absorption from small intestine)
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
166
this hormone is the antagonist for ACTH
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
167
this is the antagonist to the parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
168
the adrenal glands are composed of an outer ____ and an inner ___
adrenal cortex; medulla
169
what does the ADH hormone do?
regulates water balance via kidneys
170
which two hormones are found in the adrenal cortex?
cortisol and aldosterone
171
what does cortisol do?
regulates metabolism, immune responses and stress responses
172
what does aldosterone do?
regulates sodium and potassium levels which influences blood pressure
173
which two hormones are found in the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
174
what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses that influence heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels
175
what two main hormones are found in the pancreas?
insulin and glucagon
176
what does insulin do?
lower blood glucose levels by stimulating cells to absorb it and stimulating storage of glucose and glycogen
177
what does glucagon do?
raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and glucose release from liver?
178
what is the antagonist to insulin?
glucagon
179
what is the anatomical name for red blood cells?
erythrocyte
180
two main parts of blood and their respective percentages
formed elements (45%), plasma (55%)
181
Three functions of blood
1. TRANSPORT of nutrients, hormones, gasses and wastes
2. MAINTAIN homeostasis via regulation of pH, temp and fluid balance
3. PROTECTION via fighting infection and blood clots
182
three parts of formed elements and their percentages
1. red blood cells (95.1%)
2. white blood cells (.1%)
3. platelets (4.8%)
183
what is the purpose of red blood cells?
gas transport
184
At a cellular level, what are platelets?
not complete cells; pieces of megakaryocytes, do not have nucleus
185
function of platelets
blood clotting
186
what are the two primary components of plasma and their respective percentages?
water - 92%
proteins - 7%
187
what are the six minor components of plasma?
Electric vehicles giving hella new world
electrolytes
waste
nutrients
vitamins
hormones
gasses
188
what are the three functions of plasma?
1. transport nutrients and gasses
2. regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
3. maintain pH
189
the covering of the heart is called the
pericardium
190
two layers of the pericardium
fibrous and serous
191
what are the three parts of the serous pericardium from superficial to deep?
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity
visceral pericardium
192
this layer of pericardium is also the outermost layer of the heart wall
visceral/epicardium
193
3 layers of heart wall from superficial to deep
1. epicardium
2. myocardium
3. endocardium
194
what is the endocardium made of?
connective tissue and epithelium
195
196
these first branches of the aorta go back to the heart to supply it with blood
right and left coronary arteries
197
these drain deoxygenated blood from inside the heart into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium
coronary veins
198
Cardiac cycle made of two alternating states, __ and __
systole; diastole
199
What is happening during the first heart sound?
Ventricular systole - AV valves close
200
What is happening during the second heart sound?
Semilunar valves close
201
3 parts of ECG
1. P wave
2. QRS complex
3. T wave
202
In this section of an ECG, the atria depolarize
P wave
203
In this part of an ECG, the ventricles repolarize
T
204
O2-rich blood returns to left atrium via
pulmonary veins
205
pulmonary arteries have what type of blood?
O2-poor
206
what are the body's two methods of fighting of pathogens?
innate and adaptive defenses
207
Innate defenses have ___ lines of defense
2
208
what are four example of mechanical barriers?
AKA boggy moat around castle
1. skin
2. hair
3. mucus
4. sweat
209
what are five examples of the body's second line of defense?
1. chemical barriers
2. natural killer cells
3. inflammation
4. phagocytosis
5. fever
210
what are the two types of adaptive defense?
cellular immune response and humoral immune response
211
innate defenses are ____ but not ___
fast; specific
212
adaptive defense are ___ but _____
slower; specific
213
what is the difference in approach between T and B cells when it comes to immune response?
T attack directly (bounty hunter), B produce antibodies, which then attack (generals)
214
What are the four main functions of the digestive system?
1. mechanical digestion
2. chemical digestion
3. absorption
4. propulsion and elimination
215
type of digestion breaks down large pieces of food into smaller
mechanical
216
type of digestion breaks chemical bonds and thereby breaks down large nutrients into smaller ones
chemical
217
in the digestive system, what is absorption?
nutrients passing from the digestive tract into the bloodstream
218
enzyme that begins to break down starch in saliva
amylase
219
what is the function of the stomach?
stores and mixes food with gastric juice
220
the stomach begins the digestion of _____ through ____ and ____
proteins; hydrochloric acid; pepsin
221
what is the function of the small intestine?
mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice and is main site of nutrient absorption
222
what are the three sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
223
what is the function of the large intestine?
absorbs water and vitamins and pushes stool out of body
224
what are four functions of the liver?
1. produces bile for digestion
2. detoxifies blood
3. synthesizes proteins
4. stores vitamins and minerals
225
what is the main function of the pancreas in digestion? What does this action result in?
secreting digestive juice, which helps with breakdown of carbs, proteins and fats
226
other than secreting pancreatic juice, what does the pancreas do?
produces insulin and glucagon
227
what does the gallbladder do?
stores and concentrates bile
228
what are the five functions of the respiratory system?
1. gas exchange btwn body and environment
2. ventilation - process of breathing
3. pH - bicarbonate related to Co2 levels in blood
4. smell by directing air molecules
5. sound production by providing air for larynx
229
what are the five main structures of the nose?
1. nostrils
2. nasal cavity
3. olfactory receptors
4. septum
5. paranasal sinuses
230
what is the function of the nasal cavity and what is it lined with?
warms and humidifies air; lined with mucous membrane
231
where are the olfactory receptors and what is their function?
upper nasal cavity; responsible for sense of smell
232
what is the function of the nasal septum?
divides into two chambers
233
what are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?
1. lighten skull
2. produce mucous
3. regulate pressure in head
234
where are the paranasal sinuses?
adjacent to the nasal cavity
235
the double membrane around the lung
pleura
236
the two layers of the pleura and their attachment points
visceral - lung
parietal - thoracic cavity
237
Four functions of urinary system
1. FILTRATION - removes metabolic waste from blood
2. FLUIDS - maintain normal level of fluid and electrolytes, affects blood pressure
3. pH - controls secretion of H+ and bicarbonate which controls pH of blood
4. HORMONES - regulates red blood cell production and renin (blood pressure)
238
where do kidneys get their blood supply from?
abdominal aorta via right and left renal arteries
239
where does blood leave the kidneys after filtration?
via right and left renal veins, drain into inferior vena cava (IVC)
240
outer layer of the kidney and what it has
renal cortex; tons of nephrons
241
inner layer of the kidney and what it contains
renal medulla; collecting ducts that drain from nephrons
242
what is the final draining point of the kidneys before the ureter?
renal pelvis
243
what is the functional unit of the kidneys?
nephrons
244
two parts of a nephron
renal corpuscle and renal tubules
245
two parts of renal corpuscle
1. glomerulus (blood vessels)
2. glomerular capsule (surrounds blood vessels)
246
this part of nephron filters waste products and toxins from the blood
glomerulus
247
what part of a nephron reabsorbs water, electrolytes and other essential substances after the glomerulus filters them out?
renal tubule
248
where are the testes and what do they do?
oval-shaped organs in the scrotum; produce sperm
249
what are they two main structures in the testes?
1. seminiferous tubules
2. leydig cells
250
what do seminiferous tubules do?
produce sperm
251
what do leydig cells do?
produce testosterone
252
what is the function of the scrotum?
keeps testes at good temp for sperm production
253
where is the epididymis and what is its function?
back of each testis, stores sperm cells as they mature and learn how to swim
254
what is the vas deferens?
long, muscular tube that carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct
255
where are the seminal vesicles and what do they do?
two glands near base of bladder; produce fructose-rich fluid that nourishes and protects sperm during ejaculation
256
where is the prostate gland and what does it do?
below bladder (shaped like walnut); contributes to semen - helps sperm move, neutralize acidity in vagina and nourishes sperm
257
258
what are the 2 functions of the ovaries?
1. produce and store egg cells
2. release hormones
259
which hormones do the ovaries release?
estrogen and progesterone
260
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
capture released egg during ovulation and provide pathway for sperm reaching egg
261
finger-like projections at end of fallopian tubes that help capture egg
fimbriae
262
what two organs is the uterus between?
bladder and rectum
263
what are the three layers of the uterus wall?
1. endometrium (inner)
2. myometrium (middle)
3. perimetrium (outer)
264
which layer of the uterus thickens with blood vessels in preparation for pregnancy and then sheds during menstruation?
endometrium
265
which layer of the uterus is responsible for uterine contractions?
myometrium
266
lower end of uterus that projects into vagina
cervix
267
the ____ of the cervix dilates during childbirth to allow the baby to pass
os
268
the ___ is covered in a mucosal membrane; the amount of mucous changes throughout the menstrual cycle, which affects sperm passage
cervix
