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Anatomy and Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Jaundice caused by buildup of this substance

A

bilirubin

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2
Q

How to B cells attack viruses and bacteria?

A

produce antibodies

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3
Q

How do T cells attack viruses and bacteria?

A

attack directly

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4
Q

[book] prefix meaning glue together

A

aggultin-

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5
Q

[book] prefix meaning bile

A

bil-

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6
Q

[book] prefix meaning stopper

A

embol

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7
Q

[book] prefix meaning red

A

erythr

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8
Q

[book] prefixes meaning blood

A

hema and hemo

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9
Q

[book] prefix meaning white

A

leuko

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10
Q

[book] suffix meaning abnormal condition

A

-osis

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11
Q

[book] suffix meaning “to produce”

A

-poie

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12
Q

[book] suffix meaning halt

A

-stasis

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13
Q

[book] suffix meaning clot

A

-thromb

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14
Q

blood is which type of body part?

A

connective tissue

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15
Q

what is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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16
Q

Three functions of blood

A
  1. transportation of nutrients, gasses and wastes
  2. maintain homeostasis
  3. distribute heat
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17
Q

two main parts of blood and their respective percentages

A

formed elements (45%), plasma (55%)

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18
Q

three parts of formed elements and their percentages

A
  1. red blood cells (95.1%)
  2. white blood cells (.1%)
  3. platelets (4.8%)
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19
Q

what is the purpose of red blood cells?

A

gas transport via O2 bound to hemoglobin

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20
Q

red blood cells are ___, which makes it easier for them to fit in the bloodstream and increases their surface area for gas exchange

A

biconcave

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21
Q

how many RBC’s are in the average person

A

4-5 mil per cubic mm females, 5-6 mil per cubic mm

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22
Q

red blood cells determines

A

how much oxygen a body can transport

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23
Q

about a third of red blood cells are made of ____, which is able to transport O2 and some CO2

A

hemoglobin

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24
Q

when hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it becomes ____, which is what gives blood its red color

A

oxyhemoglobin

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25
Q

when hemoglobin releases O2, it becomes

A

deoxyhemoglobin

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26
Q

what is the purpose of leukocytes?

A

fight infection

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27
Q

anatomical name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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28
Q

what are the two primary components of plasma and their respective percentages?

A

water - 92%
proteins - 7%

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29
Q

what are the six minor components of plasma?

A

Electric vehicles giving hella new world

electrolytes
waste
nutrients
vitamins
hormones
gasses

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30
Q

what is the anatomical name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocyte

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31
Q

red blood cell production is called

A

erythropoiesis

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32
Q

where does erythropoiesis occur, since they cannot reproduce?

A

red bone marrow

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33
Q

the anatomical name for the production of red blood cells in red bone marrow

A

hematopoiesis

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34
Q

what are RBCs made from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells/hemocytoblasts

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35
Q

RBC production is stimulated by _____ feedback via the hormone _____

A

negative; erythropoietin

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36
Q

erythropoietin is housed in the ___ and the ___

A

kidneys; liver

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37
Q

condition where there are too many RBC; blood becomes viscous and has O2-deficiency

A

polycythemia

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38
Q

condition where there are too little RBCs, results in reduced O2-carrying capacity

A

anemia

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39
Q

these consume damaged RBCs, and are found in the ___ and ___

A

macrophages; liver, spleen

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40
Q

When RBCs break down, hemoglobin becomes:

A

heme and globin

41
Q

When RBCs get broken down, heme gets further broken down into __ and __

A

iron and biliverdin

42
Q

Once RBCs are broken down, what happens to biliverdin?

A

Sometimes becomes bilirubin, both excreted into bile

43
Q

Once RBCs get broken down, what happens to iron?

A

Recycled or stored in liver

44
Q

Once RBCs get broken down, what happens to globin?

A

Broken down into amino acids and recycled

45
Q

The production of white blood cells is stimulated by ___ and ___

A

interleukins and colony-stimulating factors

46
Q

White blood cells are made from

A

hematopoietic stem cells

47
Q

The deployment of WBCs between blood vessel walls is called

A

diapedesis

48
Q

How do WBCs move?

A

amoeboid motion

49
Q

The process of WBCs being chemically attracted to damaged tissues is called

A

positive chemotaxis

50
Q

Abnormally high WBC called ____

A

leukocytosis

51
Q

Leukocytosis occurs when

A

acute infection, smoking or leukemia

52
Q

Abnormally low WBC called ____

A

Leukopenia

53
Q

When does leukopenia happen?

A

several diseases including AIDS, measles, flu

54
Q

What are the two main types of WBCs and how are they different?

A

Granulocytes - have granules
Agranulocytes - don’t

55
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes and their respective percentages of WBC counts?

A
  1. neutrophil (50-70%)
  2. eosinophil (1-3%)
  3. basophil (<1%)
56
Q

what type(s) of granulocyte have 2-5 lobes?

A

neutrophils

57
Q

what type(s) of granulocytes are bilobed?

A

eosinophils and basophils

58
Q

which WBC stains purple?

A

neutrophil

59
Q

which WBC stains red?

A

eosinophil

60
Q

which WBC stains blue?

61
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

phagocytize small particles

62
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

Cleric

kill parasites and monitors allergic reactions

63
Q

what do basophils do?

A

Druid

release heparin and histamine - promote inflammation

64
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes and their respective percentages of WBCs?

A
  1. monocytes (3-9%)
  2. lymphocytes (25-33%)
65
Q

how big is a monocyte compared to a RBC, and what does its nucleus look like?

A

2-3x larger than RBC, nucleus varies from spherical to lobed

66
Q

how big is a lymphocyte compared to a RBC, and what does its nucleus look like?

A

about the same size, nuclear fills cell

67
Q

what does a monocyte do?

A

Barbarian

phagocytizes large particles

68
Q

what does a lymphocyte do?

A

Paladin

provides immunity

69
Q
A

neutrophil

69
Q
A

eosinophil

70
Q
71
Q
72
Q
A

lymphocyte

73
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells, t cells, NK cells

74
Q

what test can determine the percentages of a person’s WBC?

A

DIFF - differential white blood cell count

75
Q

At a cellular level, what are platelets?

A

not complete cells; pieces of megakaryocytes, do not have nucleus

76
Q

what is the production of platelets stimulated by?

A

hormone thrombopoietin

77
Q

The process of platelets attaching to the broken edges of a blood vessel is one form of

A

hemostasis

78
Q

Too many platelets is called ___

A

thrombocytosis

79
Q

Thrombocytosis happens when

A

genetics or infection

80
Q

Too little platelets called

A

thrombocytopenia

81
Q

what are the three functions of plasma?

A
  1. transport nutrients and gasses
  2. regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
  3. maintain pH
82
Q

what are the three types of plasma proteins and their respective percentages?

A

AKA - gaf

  1. albumins - 60%
  2. globulins - 36%
  3. fibrinogens - 4%
83
Q

what do albumins do?

A

Aka albums - under pressure

help maintain osmotic pressure

84
Q

what do globulins do?

A

aka EMS - vitamins and antibodies

transport fat-soluble vitamins and provide antibodies

85
Q

what do fibrinogen do?

A

help with blood coagulation

86
Q

what is the anatomical name for the stoppage of bleeding?

A

hemostasis

87
Q

what are the three different methods of hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm/vasospasm
  2. platelet plug
  3. blood coagulation
88
Q

what happens during a vasospasm and how long does it last?

A

muscles in vessels contract; 30 mins

89
Q

which method of hemostasis is most effective for small blood vessels?

A

platelet plug

90
Q

how does platelet plug work?

A

platelets stick to each other along an exposed blood vessel edge

91
Q

what is the most effective form of hemostasis?

A

blood coagulation

92
Q

what gets formed during blood coagulation, and what are its two main ingredients?

A

blood clot; clotting factors and calcium

93
Q

what are the five steps in blood clot formation?

A

The story of Thrombin the fisherman

  1. tissue thromboplastin (aka tragic orphan backstory) released –> productive of prothrombin activator (Thrombin’s Captain)
  2. PA makes prothrombin (young Thrombin) –> thrombin (the fisherman)
  3. Thrombin catalyzes reaction that makes fibrinogen (rope) –> fibrin (net)
  4. fibrin forms nets that trap = blood clot
  5. plasma changed liquid to gel
94
Q

what is the anatomical name for clot dissolution

A

fibrinolysis

95
Q

how does fibrinolysis occur?

A

plasminogen converted to plasmin, plasmin eats blood clot

96
Q

what is an abnormal clot called?

97
Q

what is a thrombus that gets loose called?

Anatomy and Physiology (31 decks)

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