Blood Flashcards
Jaundice caused by buildup of this substance
bilirubin
How to B cells attack viruses and bacteria?
produce antibodies
How do T cells attack viruses and bacteria?
attack directly
[book] prefix meaning glue together
aggultin-
[book] prefix meaning bile
bil-
[book] prefix meaning stopper
embol
[book] prefix meaning red
erythr
[book] prefixes meaning blood
hema and hemo
[book] prefix meaning white
leuko
[book] suffix meaning abnormal condition
-osis
[book] suffix meaning “to produce”
-poie
[book] suffix meaning halt
-stasis
[book] suffix meaning clot
-thromb
blood is which type of body part?
connective tissue
what is the normal pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
Three functions of blood
- transportation of nutrients, gasses and wastes
- maintain homeostasis
- distribute heat
two main parts of blood and their respective percentages
formed elements (45%), plasma (55%)
three parts of formed elements and their percentages
- red blood cells (95.1%)
- white blood cells (.1%)
- platelets (4.8%)
what is the purpose of red blood cells?
gas transport via O2 bound to hemoglobin
red blood cells are ___, which makes it easier for them to fit in the bloodstream and increases their surface area for gas exchange
biconcave
how many RBC’s are in the average person
4-5 mil per cubic mm females, 5-6 mil per cubic mm
red blood cells determines
how much oxygen a body can transport
about a third of red blood cells are made of ____, which is able to transport O2 and some CO2
hemoglobin
when hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it becomes ____, which is what gives blood its red color
oxyhemoglobin
when hemoglobin releases O2, it becomes
deoxyhemoglobin
what is the purpose of leukocytes?
fight infection
anatomical name for white blood cells
leukocytes
what are the two primary components of plasma and their respective percentages?
water - 92%
proteins - 7%
what are the six minor components of plasma?
Electric vehicles giving hella new world
electrolytes
waste
nutrients
vitamins
hormones
gasses
what is the anatomical name for red blood cells?
erythrocyte
red blood cell production is called
erythropoiesis
where does erythropoiesis occur, since they cannot reproduce?
red bone marrow
the anatomical name for the production of red blood cells in red bone marrow
hematopoiesis
what are RBCs made from?
hematopoietic stem cells/hemocytoblasts
RBC production is stimulated by _____ feedback via the hormone _____
negative; erythropoietin
erythropoietin is housed in the ___ and the ___
kidneys; liver
condition where there are too many RBC; blood becomes viscous and has O2-deficiency
polycythemia
condition where there are too little RBCs, results in reduced O2-carrying capacity
anemia
these consume damaged RBCs, and are found in the ___ and ___
macrophages; liver, spleen
When RBCs break down, hemoglobin becomes:
heme and globin
When RBCs get broken down, heme gets further broken down into __ and __
iron and biliverdin
Once RBCs are broken down, what happens to biliverdin?
Sometimes becomes bilirubin, both excreted into bile
Once RBCs get broken down, what happens to iron?
Recycled or stored in liver
Once RBCs get broken down, what happens to globin?
Broken down into amino acids and recycled
The production of white blood cells is stimulated by ___ and ___
interleukins and colony-stimulating factors
White blood cells are made from
hematopoietic stem cells
The deployment of WBCs between blood vessel walls is called
diapedesis
How do WBCs move?
amoeboid motion
The process of WBCs being chemically attracted to damaged tissues is called
positive chemotaxis
Abnormally high WBC called ____
leukocytosis
Leukocytosis occurs when
acute infection, smoking or leukemia
Abnormally low WBC called ____
Leukopenia
When does leukopenia happen?
several diseases including AIDS, measles, flu
What are the two main types of WBCs and how are they different?
Granulocytes - have granules
Agranulocytes - don’t
what are the three types of granulocytes and their respective percentages of WBC counts?
- neutrophil (50-70%)
- eosinophil (1-3%)
- basophil (<1%)
what type(s) of granulocyte have 2-5 lobes?
neutrophils
what type(s) of granulocytes are bilobed?
eosinophils and basophils
which WBC stains purple?
neutrophil
which WBC stains red?
eosinophil
which WBC stains blue?
basophil
what do neutrophils do?
phagocytize small particles
what do eosinophils do?
Cleric
kill parasites and monitors allergic reactions
what do basophils do?
Druid
release heparin and histamine - promote inflammation
what are the two types of agranulocytes and their respective percentages of WBCs?
- monocytes (3-9%)
- lymphocytes (25-33%)
how big is a monocyte compared to a RBC, and what does its nucleus look like?
2-3x larger than RBC, nucleus varies from spherical to lobed
how big is a lymphocyte compared to a RBC, and what does its nucleus look like?
about the same size, nuclear fills cell
what does a monocyte do?
Barbarian
phagocytizes large particles
what does a lymphocyte do?
Paladin
provides immunity
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
monocyte
lymphocyte
what are the three types of lymphocytes?
B cells, t cells, NK cells
what test can determine the percentages of a person’s WBC?
DIFF - differential white blood cell count
At a cellular level, what are platelets?
not complete cells; pieces of megakaryocytes, do not have nucleus
what is the production of platelets stimulated by?
hormone thrombopoietin
The process of platelets attaching to the broken edges of a blood vessel is one form of
hemostasis
Too many platelets is called ___
thrombocytosis
Thrombocytosis happens when
genetics or infection
Too little platelets called
thrombocytopenia
what are the three functions of plasma?
- transport nutrients and gasses
- regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
- maintain pH
what are the three types of plasma proteins and their respective percentages?
AKA - gaf
- albumins - 60%
- globulins - 36%
- fibrinogens - 4%
what do albumins do?
Aka albums - under pressure
help maintain osmotic pressure
what do globulins do?
aka EMS - vitamins and antibodies
transport fat-soluble vitamins and provide antibodies
what do fibrinogen do?
help with blood coagulation
what is the anatomical name for the stoppage of bleeding?
hemostasis
what are the three different methods of hemostasis?
- vascular spasm/vasospasm
- platelet plug
- blood coagulation
what happens during a vasospasm and how long does it last?
muscles in vessels contract; 30 mins
which method of hemostasis is most effective for small blood vessels?
platelet plug
how does platelet plug work?
platelets stick to each other along an exposed blood vessel edge
what is the most effective form of hemostasis?
blood coagulation
what gets formed during blood coagulation, and what are its two main ingredients?
blood clot; clotting factors and calcium
what are the five steps in blood clot formation?
The story of Thrombin the fisherman
- tissue thromboplastin (aka tragic orphan backstory) released –> productive of prothrombin activator (Thrombin’s Captain)
- PA makes prothrombin (young Thrombin) –> thrombin (the fisherman)
- Thrombin catalyzes reaction that makes fibrinogen (rope) –> fibrin (net)
- fibrin forms nets that trap = blood clot
- plasma changed liquid to gel
what is the anatomical name for clot dissolution
fibrinolysis
how does fibrinolysis occur?
plasminogen converted to plasmin, plasmin eats blood clot
what is an abnormal clot called?
thrombus
what is a thrombus that gets loose called?
embolus