Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Jaundice caused by buildup of this substance
A
bilirubin
2
Q
How to B cells attack viruses and bacteria?
A
produce antibodies
3
Q
How do T cells attack viruses and bacteria?
A
attack directly
4
Q
[book] prefix meaning glue together
A
aggultin-
5
Q
[book] prefix meaning bile
A
bil-
6
Q
[book] prefix meaning stopper
A
embol
7
Q
[book] prefix meaning red
A
erythr
8
Q
[book] prefixes meaning blood
A
hema and hemo
9
Q
[book] prefix meaning white
A
leuko
10
Q
[book] suffix meaning abnormal condition
A
-osis
11
Q
[book] suffix meaning “to produce”
A
-poie
12
Q
[book] suffix meaning halt
A
-stasis
13
Q
[book] suffix meaning clot
A
-thromb
14
Q
blood is which type of body part?
A
connective tissue
15
Q
what is the normal pH of blood?
A
7.35-7.45
16
Q
Three functions of blood
A
- transportation of nutrients, gasses and wastes
- maintain homeostasis
- distribute heat
17
Q
two main parts of blood and their respective percentages
A
formed elements (45%), plasma (55%)
18
Q
three parts of formed elements and their percentages
A
- red blood cells (95.1%)
- white blood cells (.1%)
- platelets (4.8%)
19
Q
what is the purpose of red blood cells?
A
gas transport via O2 bound to hemoglobin
20
Q
red blood cells are ___, which makes it easier for them to fit in the bloodstream and increases their surface area for gas exchange
A
biconcave
21
Q
how many RBC’s are in the average person
A
4-5 mil per cubic mm females, 5-6 mil per cubic mm
22
Q
red blood cells determines
A
how much oxygen a body can transport
23
Q
about a third of red blood cells are made of ____, which is able to transport O2 and some CO2
A
hemoglobin
24
Q
when hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it becomes ____, which is what gives blood its red color
A
oxyhemoglobin
25
when hemoglobin releases O2, it becomes
deoxyhemoglobin
26
what is the purpose of leukocytes?
fight infection
27
anatomical name for white blood cells
leukocytes
28
what are the two primary components of plasma and their respective percentages?
water - 92%
proteins - 7%
29
what are the six minor components of plasma?
Electric vehicles giving hella new world
electrolytes
waste
nutrients
vitamins
hormones
gasses
30
what is the anatomical name for red blood cells?
erythrocyte
31
red blood cell production is called
erythropoiesis
32
where does erythropoiesis occur, since they cannot reproduce?
red bone marrow
33
the anatomical name for the production of red blood cells in red bone marrow
hematopoiesis
34
what are RBCs made from?
hematopoietic stem cells/hemocytoblasts
35
RBC production is stimulated by _____ feedback via the hormone _____
negative; erythropoietin
36
erythropoietin is housed in the ___ and the ___
kidneys; liver
37
condition where there are too many RBC; blood becomes viscous and has O2-deficiency
polycythemia
38
condition where there are too little RBCs, results in reduced O2-carrying capacity
anemia
39
these consume damaged RBCs, and are found in the ___ and ___
macrophages; liver, spleen
40
When RBCs break down, hemoglobin becomes:
heme and globin
41
When RBCs get broken down, heme gets further broken down into __ and __
iron and biliverdin
42
Once RBCs are broken down, what happens to biliverdin?
Sometimes becomes bilirubin, both excreted into bile
43
Once RBCs get broken down, what happens to iron?
Recycled or stored in liver
44
Once RBCs get broken down, what happens to globin?
Broken down into amino acids and recycled
45
The production of white blood cells is stimulated by ___ and ___
interleukins and colony-stimulating factors
46
White blood cells are made from
hematopoietic stem cells
47
The deployment of WBCs between blood vessel walls is called
diapedesis
48
How do WBCs move?
amoeboid motion
49
The process of WBCs being chemically attracted to damaged tissues is called
positive chemotaxis
50
Abnormally high WBC called ____
leukocytosis
51
Leukocytosis occurs when
acute infection, smoking or leukemia
52
Abnormally low WBC called ____
Leukopenia
53
When does leukopenia happen?
several diseases including AIDS, measles, flu
54
What are the two main types of WBCs and how are they different?
Granulocytes - have granules
Agranulocytes - don't
55
what are the three types of granulocytes and their respective percentages of WBC counts?
1. neutrophil (50-70%)
2. eosinophil (1-3%)
3. basophil (<1%)
56
what type(s) of granulocyte have 2-5 lobes?
neutrophils
57
what type(s) of granulocytes are bilobed?
eosinophils and basophils
58
which WBC stains purple?
neutrophil
59
which WBC stains red?
eosinophil
60
which WBC stains blue?
basophil
61
what do neutrophils do?
phagocytize small particles
62
what do eosinophils do?
Cleric
kill parasites and monitors allergic reactions
63
what do basophils do?
Druid
release heparin and histamine - promote inflammation
64
what are the two types of agranulocytes and their respective percentages of WBCs?
1. monocytes (3-9%)
2. lymphocytes (25-33%)
65
how big is a monocyte compared to a RBC, and what does its nucleus look like?
2-3x larger than RBC, nucleus varies from spherical to lobed
66
how big is a lymphocyte compared to a RBC, and what does its nucleus look like?
about the same size, nuclear fills cell
67
what does a monocyte do?
Barbarian
phagocytizes large particles
68
what does a lymphocyte do?
Paladin
provides immunity
69
neutrophil
69
eosinophil
70
basophil
71
monocyte
72
lymphocyte
73
what are the three types of lymphocytes?
B cells, t cells, NK cells
74
what test can determine the percentages of a person's WBC?
DIFF - differential white blood cell count
75
At a cellular level, what are platelets?
not complete cells; pieces of megakaryocytes, do not have nucleus
76
what is the production of platelets stimulated by?
hormone thrombopoietin
77
The process of platelets attaching to the broken edges of a blood vessel is one form of
hemostasis
78
Too many platelets is called ___
thrombocytosis
79
Thrombocytosis happens when
genetics or infection
80
Too little platelets called
thrombocytopenia
81
what are the three functions of plasma?
1. transport nutrients and gasses
2. regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
3. maintain pH
82
what are the three types of plasma proteins and their respective percentages?
AKA - gaf
1. albumins - 60%
2. globulins - 36%
3. fibrinogens - 4%
83
what do albumins do?
Aka albums - under pressure
help maintain osmotic pressure
84
what do globulins do?
aka EMS - vitamins and antibodies
transport fat-soluble vitamins and provide antibodies
85
what do fibrinogen do?
help with blood coagulation
86
what is the anatomical name for the stoppage of bleeding?
hemostasis
87
what are the three different methods of hemostasis?
1. vascular spasm/vasospasm
2. platelet plug
3. blood coagulation
88
what happens during a vasospasm and how long does it last?
muscles in vessels contract; 30 mins
89
which method of hemostasis is most effective for small blood vessels?
platelet plug
90
how does platelet plug work?
platelets stick to each other along an exposed blood vessel edge
91
what is the most effective form of hemostasis?
blood coagulation
92
what gets formed during blood coagulation, and what are its two main ingredients?
blood clot; clotting factors and calcium
93
what are the five steps in blood clot formation?
The story of Thrombin the fisherman
1. tissue thromboplastin (aka tragic orphan backstory) released --> productive of prothrombin activator (Thrombin's Captain)
2. PA makes prothrombin (young Thrombin) --> thrombin (the fisherman)
3. Thrombin catalyzes reaction that makes fibrinogen (rope) --> fibrin (net)
4. fibrin forms nets that trap = blood clot
5. plasma changed liquid to gel
94
what is the anatomical name for clot dissolution
fibrinolysis
95
how does fibrinolysis occur?
plasminogen converted to plasmin, plasmin eats blood clot
96
what is an abnormal clot called?
thrombus
97
what is a thrombus that gets loose called?
embolus
