Cell Structure and Cycle Flashcards by Erin Carney

What is cell theory?

All organisms are composed of cells, and cells are self-reproducing

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3 parts of animal cells

membrane (plasma membrane, outer wall)
cytoplasm (holds organelles, downtown)
nucleus (holds genetic material, control center)

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What is the liquid organelles are suspended in?

Cytosol

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Plasma membrane is made of a bilayer of ____

phospholipids

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What steroid makes sure the plasma membrane has enough structure?

Cholesterol

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What are the two functions of the plasma membrane?

cell to cell recognition, adhesion and communication
customs - controls passage of materials in and out of cells

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what are the two types of transport across a cell membrane?

active (requires energy) and passive (does not)

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What are four types of passive transport?

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

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simple diffusion

passive transport, able to cross cell membrane without any help (oxygen, etc)

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facilitated diffusion

protein helps move a solute from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient

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osmosis

-type of passive transport
-mvt of water cross membrane from lower concentration to HIGHER
-opposite of how it normally works cause water is polar

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osmotic pressure

osmosis generating enough pressure to lift volume of water

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diffusion happens because

random collisions of molecules cause them to move away from each other

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Two substances that use facilitated diffusion are

glucose and amino acids

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tonicity

osmotic pressure of solution (aka concentration of solutes outside a cell)

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isotonic

equal tonicity inside and outside of cell

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hypertonic

solution has higher tonicity than cell

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hypotonic

solution has lower tonicity than cell

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when a solution that is hypertonic surrounds a cell, the cell

shrinks

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when a solution that is hypotonic surrounds a cell, the cell

swells

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This drives filtration - pressure comes from gravity

hydrostatic pressure

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Endocytosis

from of active transport where vesicle transports substance into cell

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Exocytosis

from of active transport where vesicle transports substance out of cell

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Filtration

smaller molecules forced through porous membranes due to hydrostatic pressure

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What are three types of active transport?

1. Active transport 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis

Most of the time, active transport is powered by

ATP

transport proteins

form of facilitated diffusion along plasma membrane

Sodium-potassium pump

form of active transport along plasma membrane

where in the cell are nutrients received, processed and used?

cytoplasm

what are 7 main types of organelles?

1. Ribosomes 2. Endoplasmic reticulum 3. Golgi apparatus 4. Mitochondria 5. Lysosomes 6. Cytoskeleton 7. Centrioles

What are ribosomes made of and what do they look like?

RNA and protein, small and spherical

Clusters of ribosomes are called

polysomes

Ribosomes are connected to

the endoplasmic reticulum

What do ribosomes do?

Synthesize proteins and provide structural support

What does the endoplasmic reticulum look like?

What are three functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

1. Protein and lipid synthesis 2. Transports molecules from one part of cell to another 3. Quality control - id's proteins that suck

What are three things the rough ER does?

1. Produce lipids 2. Produce cholesterol 3. Store calcium ions

Which ER has ribosomes?

Rough

What are three things the smooth ER does?

1. Fat absorptions 2. lipid synthesis 3. drug metabolism

What does the golgi apparatus look like?

What are three things the golgi apparatus does to proteins and lipids?

1. modify 2. package 3. transport

At end of golgi apparatus, proteins are transported in what?

Vesicles

What does the mitochondria look like?

What are two functions of the mitochondria?

1. makes ATP 2. biochem reactions that extract energy from nutrients in food

What do lysosomes look like?

What are three functions of lysosomes?

Hungry hungry hippos! 1. break down waste materials 2. get rid of cellular debris 3. break down foreign invaders/toxins

Peroxisomes common in these two organs

Liver and kidneys

What are three functions of peroxisomes

Angry birds 1. Detoxify dangerous substances, including alcohol 2. Break down large fatty acids 3. Speed a bunch of chemical reactions

What three things is the cytoskeleton made of?

1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate filaments

Two centrioles make a ___

centrosomes

What are two functions of centrioles?

1. Hold chromosomes in place during cell division 2. Deliver chromosomes to new cell

What are centrioles made of?

Microtubules

The only example of this tail-like organelle is in sperm

Flagella

What are the three regions of the nucleus?

1. Nuclear envelope 2. Nucleolus 3. Chromatin

The nuclear envelope has a ________, which is _____ permeable

nuclear envelope; selectively

The part of the nuclear envelope where RNA can pass through

nuclear pores

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Produce ribosomes

What does nucleolus look like?

avocado pit

What is the nucleolus mostly composed of?

RNA and protein

What is the function of the nucleus?

To house DNA (which runs the show)

Two phases of cell lifecycle

Interphase and Mitotic

# I Interphase

cell growth and dna replication

Mitosis

cell division

The majority of a cell's life is speant in this phase

Interphase

Interphase can be broken into these three parts

G1, S, G2

first part of interphase - rapid growth (everything that isn't DNA)

second part of interphase - DNA replication

third part of interphase - more duplication

What are the five stages of mitosis in non-sex cells?

Please Make Another Two (just kidding, 4) Cells 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 1 3. Anaphase 1 4. Telophase 1 5. Cytokinesis

In sex cells, there are additional two steps of mitosis called

Meiosis and meiosis II

What are the three steps of prophase?

1. Spindle forms and breaks nuclear envelope 2. Chromatin condense and become chromosomes 3. Chromosome pairs get into tug of war

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes are in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate

What happens in anaphase?

Sister chromosomes get torn apart

What happens during Telophase 1?

Cleavage furrow constricts middle of cell and divides it

This is the thing that divides the cell

Cleavage furrow

What happens during cytokinesis?

Cytoplasm divides

These phases of mitosis are sometimes grouped together

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

The process of specializing cell types is called

Differentiation

In normal cells, these types of cells divide into two more (4 total). They all have 46 chromosomes

Diploid cells

In sex cells, diploid cells split to become two ____ cells with ____ chromosomes each

haploid; 23