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Anatomy and Physiology > Cell Structure and Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All organisms are composed of cells, and cells are self-reproducing

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2
Q

3 parts of animal cells

A
  1. membrane (plasma membrane, outer wall)
  2. cytoplasm (holds organelles, downtown)
  3. nucleus (holds genetic material, control center)
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3
Q

What is the liquid organelles are suspended in?

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

Plasma membrane is made of a bilayer of ____

A

phospholipids

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5
Q

What steroid makes sure the plasma membrane has enough structure?

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

What are the two functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. cell to cell recognition, adhesion and communication
  2. customs - controls passage of materials in and out of cells
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7
Q

what are the two types of transport across a cell membrane?

A

active (requires energy) and passive (does not)

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8
Q

What are four types of passive transport?

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Osmosis
  4. Filtration
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9
Q

simple diffusion

A

passive transport, able to cross cell membrane without any help (oxygen, etc)

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10
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

protein helps move a solute from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient

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11
Q

osmosis

A

-type of passive transport
-mvt of water cross membrane from lower concentration to HIGHER
-opposite of how it normally works cause water is polar

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12
Q

osmotic pressure

A

osmosis generating enough pressure to lift volume of water

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13
Q

diffusion happens because

A

random collisions of molecules cause them to move away from each other

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14
Q

Two substances that use facilitated diffusion are

A

glucose and amino acids

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15
Q

tonicity

A

osmotic pressure of solution (aka concentration of solutes outside a cell)

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16
Q

isotonic

A

equal tonicity inside and outside of cell

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17
Q

hypertonic

A

solution has higher tonicity than cell

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18
Q

hypotonic

A

solution has lower tonicity than cell

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19
Q

when a solution that is hypertonic surrounds a cell, the cell

A

shrinks

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20
Q

when a solution that is hypotonic surrounds a cell, the cell

A

swells

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21
Q

This drives filtration - pressure comes from gravity

A

hydrostatic pressure

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22
Q

Endocytosis

A

from of active transport where vesicle transports substance into cell

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23
Q

Exocytosis

A

from of active transport where vesicle transports substance out of cell

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24
Q

Filtration

A

smaller molecules forced through porous membranes due to hydrostatic pressure

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25
Q

What are three types of active transport?

A
  1. Active transport
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Exocytosis
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26
Q

Most of the time, active transport is powered by

A

ATP

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27
Q

transport proteins

A

form of facilitated diffusion along plasma membrane

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28
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

form of active transport along plasma membrane

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29
Q

where in the cell are nutrients received, processed and used?

A

cytoplasm

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30
Q

what are 7 main types of organelles?

A
  1. Ribosomes
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Lysosomes
  6. Cytoskeleton
  7. Centrioles
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31
Q

What are ribosomes made of and what do they look like?

A

RNA and protein, small and spherical

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32
Q

Clusters of ribosomes are called

A

polysomes

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33
Q

Ribosomes are connected to

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

34
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesize proteins and provide structural support

35
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum look like?

A
36
Q

What are three functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Protein and lipid synthesis
  2. Transports molecules from one part of cell to another
  3. Quality control - id’s proteins that suck
37
Q

What are three things the rough ER does?

A
  1. Produce lipids
  2. Produce cholesterol
  3. Store calcium ions
38
Q

Which ER has ribosomes?

A

Rough

39
Q

What are three things the smooth ER does?

A
  1. Fat absorptions
  2. lipid synthesis
  3. drug metabolism
40
Q

What does the golgi apparatus look like?

A
41
Q

What are three things the golgi apparatus does to proteins and lipids?

A
  1. modify
  2. package
  3. transport
42
Q

At end of golgi apparatus, proteins are transported in what?

A

Vesicles

43
Q

What does the mitochondria look like?

A
44
Q

What are two functions of the mitochondria?

A
  1. makes ATP
  2. biochem reactions that extract energy from nutrients in food
45
Q

What do lysosomes look like?

A
46
Q

What are three functions of lysosomes?

A

Hungry hungry hippos!

  1. break down waste materials
  2. get rid of cellular debris
  3. break down foreign invaders/toxins
47
Q

Peroxisomes common in these two organs

A

Liver and kidneys

48
Q

What are three functions of peroxisomes

A

Angry birds

  1. Detoxify dangerous substances, including alcohol
  2. Break down large fatty acids
  3. Speed a bunch of chemical reactions
49
Q

What three things is the cytoskeleton made of?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments
50
Q

Two centrioles make a ___

A

centrosomes

51
Q

What are two functions of centrioles?

A
  1. Hold chromosomes in place during cell division
  2. Deliver chromosomes to new cell
52
Q

What are centrioles made of?

A

Microtubules

53
Q

The only example of this tail-like organelle is in sperm

A

Flagella

54
Q

What are the three regions of the nucleus?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Nucleolus
  3. Chromatin
55
Q

The nuclear envelope has a ________, which is _____ permeable

A

nuclear envelope; selectively

56
Q

The part of the nuclear envelope where RNA can pass through

A

nuclear pores

57
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Produce ribosomes

58
Q

What does nucleolus look like?

A

avocado pit

59
Q

What is the nucleolus mostly composed of?

A

RNA and protein

60
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

To house DNA (which runs the show)

61
Q

Two phases of cell lifecycle

A

Interphase and Mitotic

62
Q

I

Interphase

A

cell growth and dna replication

63
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division

64
Q

The majority of a cell’s life is speant in this phase

A

Interphase

65
Q

Interphase can be broken into these three parts

A

G1, S, G2

66
Q

G1

A

first part of interphase - rapid growth (everything that isn’t DNA)

67
Q

S

A

second part of interphase - DNA replication

68
Q

G2

A

third part of interphase - more duplication

69
Q

What are the five stages of mitosis in non-sex cells?

A

Please Make Another Two (just kidding, 4) Cells

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase 1
  3. Anaphase 1
  4. Telophase 1
  5. Cytokinesis
70
Q

In sex cells, there are additional two steps of mitosis called

A

Meiosis and meiosis II

71
Q

What are the three steps of prophase?

A
  1. Spindle forms and breaks nuclear envelope
  2. Chromatin condense and become chromosomes
  3. Chromosome pairs get into tug of war
72
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate

73
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromosomes get torn apart

74
Q

What happens during Telophase 1?

A

Cleavage furrow constricts middle of cell and divides it

75
Q

This is the thing that divides the cell

A

Cleavage furrow

76
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides

77
Q

These phases of mitosis are sometimes grouped together

A

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

78
Q

The process of specializing cell types is called

A

Differentiation

79
Q

In normal cells, these types of cells divide into two more (4 total). They all have 46 chromosomes

A

Diploid cells

80
Q

In sex cells, diploid cells split to become two ____ cells with ____ chromosomes each

A

haploid; 23

Anatomy and Physiology (31 decks)

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