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Anatomy and Physiology > Chemistry, Acids and Basis > Flashcards

Chemistry, Acids and Basis Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

science that deals with composition and characteristics of chemicals/matter

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2
Q

Matter

A

what things are made of

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3
Q

Mass

A

something’s amount of matter

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4
Q

Weight

A

gravitational pull on mass

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5
Q

Element

A

simplest form of matter, made up of atoms

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6
Q

The human body needs about ______ elements to function, most of which are ____, ____ and ____

A

20; O2, H, N

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7
Q

Three parts of an atom

A

proton (+), neutron (neut), electron (-)

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8
Q

Ions

A

atoms that are not neutral, either positive or negative

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9
Q

Atomic #

A

of protons in atom

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10
Q

Atomic Weight

A

of neutrons + # of protons

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms with same atomic # but different atomic weights (cause can have different # of neutrons)

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12
Q

Unstable isotopes called

A

radioactive

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13
Q

How many electrons fit in an atom’s first three shells?

A

1) 2
2) 8
3) 8

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14
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion

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15
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion

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16
Q

Atoms that have their outer shells filled are

A

stable/inert

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17
Q

two types of atomic bonds

A

ionic and covalent

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18
Q

Electrovalent also known as

A

Ionic bond

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19
Q

How do ionic bonds happen?

A

Oppositely charged ions attract, one gives an electron to another

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20
Q

How to covalent bonds happen?

A

two atoms share an electron instead of exchanging - electron orbits around both nuclei

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21
Q

one pair of electrons shared between two atoms

A

Single covalent bond

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22
Q

chemical bond where electrons shared unequally

A

polar covalent

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23
Q

one end of molecule is more negative than the other

A

polar molecule

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24
Q

atoms of the same element that bond

A

molecules

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25
atoms of different elements that bond
Compounds
26
can speed chemical reactions without being consumed
catalysts
27
Chemical reaction
when bonds between atoms, ions or molecules are formed or broken
28
two or more atoms bond together to form more complex thing
Synthesis reactions
29
Synthesis reaction is also known as
anabolism
30
Decomposition reactions
larger molecules broken into smaller ones
31
Decomposition reactions also known as
catabolism
32
Enzymes are made of
proteins
33
two different types of molecules dosey doe, resulting in an
exchange reaction
34
product can change back into reactant(s). Depends on chemical properties and available energy
Reversible reaction
35
substance in which other substances dissolve
Solvent
36
substance dissolved in liquid like water
solute
37
Acid
electrolytes that release H ions in water: H+
38
Base
electrolytes that release ions that combine with H in water (OH- is example)
39
concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
pH
40
These numbers are acidic pHs
below 7
41
These numbers are basic pHs
above 7
42
person’s pH drops below 7.35
Acidosis
43
person’s pH rises above 7.45
Alkalosis
44
chemicals that resist pH change
buffers
45
how do buffers do their thing?
Combine with H+ or donate hydrogen to body fluids
46
Two types of chemicals in body
organic and inorganic
47
Inorganic compounds also known as
electrolytes
48
4 types of inorganic chemicals in body
Water, oxygen, CO2, salts
49
What function does water serve in the body?
1. medium in which most biochem reactions happen 2. major component of body fluids 3. helps regulate body temp 4. transports chemicals
50
What function does oxygen serve in body?
1. used in energy release from glucose and other molecules
51
Who transports oxygen in body?
Mostly red blood cells
52
What 2 functions does CO2 serve in the body?
1. waste product from metabolism 2. reacts with water to form carbonic acid
53
Composition of table salt
Na+ and Cl-
54
Salts ____ and become ____
dissociate; ions
55
what are organic chemicals?
have carbon and hydrogen, most nonelectrolytes
56
4 major organic compounds in body
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids
57
What are four traits/functions of carbohydrates?
1. Contain C, H and O, twice as many H as O 2. Provides energy for cellular activities 3. Often stored as energy reserved 4. Simplest form is monosaccharide (sugar)
58
Three types of sugar
1. monosaccharide 2. disaccharide (two monos bonded) 3. polysaccharide (more than two monos bonded)
59
Lipids will not mix with
water
60
What are lipids made of?
C, H and O (bigger H to O ratio than 2)
61
3 types of lipids
1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids
62
What do triglycerides do?
store and supply energy for cellular function, thermal insulation
63
Diff between unsaturated and saturated fat
Unsaturated - liquid at room temp, carbons double-bonded Saturated - solid at room temp, carbons single-bonded
64
What do phospholipids look like?
65
What are phospholipids made of?
phosphate group, glycerol and two fatty acids
66
What are two functions of phospholipids?
1. Important for cell structure 2. Make up lot of plasma membrane
67
What are steroids made of?
Look like weights Complex groups of four connected rings of carbon atoms
68
What are three examples of steroids?
1. Cholesterol 2. Estrogen 3. Testosterone
69
Where in the body are phospholipids most common?
Liver, nervous system
70
What are four things proteins do?
ACEE 1. cell structure 2. enzymes 3. energy 4. antibodies destroy foreign substances
71
What are enzymes?
-the matchmaker and divorce lawyer of proteins -catalyze specific chemical reactions that combine substates or separate
72
What elements are proteins made of?
C, O H and N (also sometimes S)
73
What substance is the building block of proteins?
amino acids
74
What characterizes an animo acid?
It's R group (side chain)
75
What are amino acids made of?
1. carboxyl group (-COOH) 2. amino group (-NH2) 3. R group (side chain)
76
polypeptide chain
chains of 100-5,000 amino acids
77
Proteins are made up of one or more ______
polypeptide chains
78
What do nucleic acids do?
Form genes and participate in protein synthesis, control cell activities
79
nucleic acids are made of ___
nucleotides
80
What are nucleotides made of?
5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base
81
Nucleic acids have chains of many ____
nucleotides
82
Two types of nucleic acids are
RNA and DNA
83
What is the compositional difference between DNA and RNA?
RNA = ribose DNA = deoxyribose

Anatomy and Physiology (31 decks)

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