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Anatomy and Physiology > Chemistry, Acids and Basis > Flashcards

Chemistry, Acids and Basis Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

science that deals with composition and characteristics of chemicals/matter

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2
Q

Matter

A

what things are made of

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3
Q

Mass

A

something’s amount of matter

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4
Q

Weight

A

gravitational pull on mass

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5
Q

Element

A

simplest form of matter, made up of atoms

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6
Q

The human body needs about ______ elements to function, most of which are ____, ____ and ____

A

20; O2, H, N

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7
Q

Three parts of an atom

A

proton (+), neutron (neut), electron (-)

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8
Q

Ions

A

atoms that are not neutral, either positive or negative

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9
Q

Atomic #

A

of protons in atom

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10
Q

Atomic Weight

A

of neutrons + # of protons

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms with same atomic # but different atomic weights (cause can have different # of neutrons)

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12
Q

Unstable isotopes called

A

radioactive

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13
Q

How many electrons fit in an atom’s first three shells?

A

1) 2
2) 8
3) 8

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14
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion

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15
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion

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16
Q

Atoms that have their outer shells filled are

A

stable/inert

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17
Q

two types of atomic bonds

A

ionic and covalent

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18
Q

Electrovalent also known as

A

Ionic bond

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19
Q

How do ionic bonds happen?

A

Oppositely charged ions attract, one gives an electron to another

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20
Q

How to covalent bonds happen?

A

two atoms share an electron instead of exchanging - electron orbits around both nuclei

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21
Q

one pair of electrons shared between two atoms

A

Single covalent bond

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22
Q

chemical bond where electrons shared unequally

A

polar covalent

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23
Q

one end of molecule is more negative than the other

A

polar molecule

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24
Q

atoms of the same element that bond

A

molecules

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25
Q

atoms of different elements that bond

A

Compounds

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26
Q

can speed chemical reactions without being consumed

A

catalysts

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27
Q

Chemical reaction

A

when bonds between atoms, ions or molecules are formed or broken

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28
Q

two or more atoms bond together to form more complex thing

A

Synthesis reactions

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29
Q

Synthesis reaction is also known as

A

anabolism

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30
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

larger molecules broken into smaller ones

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31
Q

Decomposition reactions also known as

A

catabolism

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32
Q

Enzymes are made of

A

proteins

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33
Q

two different types of molecules dosey doe, resulting in an

A

exchange reaction

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34
Q

product can change back into reactant(s). Depends on chemical properties and available energy

A

Reversible reaction

35
Q

substance in which other substances dissolve

A

Solvent

36
Q

substance dissolved in liquid like water

A

solute

37
Q

Acid

A

electrolytes that release H ions in water: H+

38
Q

Base

A

electrolytes that release ions that combine with H in water (OH- is example)

39
Q

concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

A

pH

40
Q

These numbers are acidic pHs

A

below 7

41
Q

These numbers are basic pHs

A

above 7

42
Q

person’s pH drops below 7.35

A

Acidosis

43
Q

person’s pH rises above 7.45

A

Alkalosis

44
Q

chemicals that resist pH change

A

buffers

45
Q

how do buffers do their thing?

A

Combine with H+ or donate hydrogen to body fluids

46
Q

Two types of chemicals in body

A

organic and inorganic

47
Q

Inorganic compounds also known as

A

electrolytes

48
Q

4 types of inorganic chemicals in body

A

Water, oxygen, CO2, salts

49
Q

What function does water serve in the body?

A
  1. medium in which most biochem reactions happen
  2. major component of body fluids
  3. helps regulate body temp
  4. transports chemicals
50
Q

What function does oxygen serve in body?

A
  1. used in energy release from glucose and other molecules
51
Q

Who transports oxygen in body?

A

Mostly red blood cells

52
Q

What 2 functions does CO2 serve in the body?

A
  1. waste product from metabolism
  2. reacts with water to form carbonic acid
53
Q

Composition of table salt

A

Na+ and Cl-

54
Q

Salts ____ and become ____

A

dissociate; ions

55
Q

what are organic chemicals?

A

have carbon and hydrogen, most nonelectrolytes

56
Q

4 major organic compounds in body

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
57
Q

What are four traits/functions of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Contain C, H and O, twice as many H as O
  2. Provides energy for cellular activities
  3. Often stored as energy reserved
  4. Simplest form is monosaccharide (sugar)
58
Q

Three types of sugar

A
  1. monosaccharide
  2. disaccharide (two monos bonded)
  3. polysaccharide (more than two monos bonded)
59
Q

Lipids will not mix with

A

water

60
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

C, H and O (bigger H to O ratio than 2)

61
Q

3 types of lipids

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
62
Q

What do triglycerides do?

A

store and supply energy for cellular function, thermal insulation

63
Q

Diff between unsaturated and saturated fat

A

Unsaturated - liquid at room temp, carbons double-bonded
Saturated - solid at room temp, carbons single-bonded

64
Q

What do phospholipids look like?

A
65
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

phosphate group, glycerol and two fatty acids

66
Q

What are two functions of phospholipids?

A
  1. Important for cell structure
  2. Make up lot of plasma membrane
67
Q

What are steroids made of?

A

Look like weights

Complex groups of four connected rings of carbon atoms

68
Q

What are three examples of steroids?

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Estrogen
  3. Testosterone
69
Q

Where in the body are phospholipids most common?

A

Liver, nervous system

70
Q

What are four things proteins do?

A

ACEE

  1. cell structure
  2. enzymes
  3. energy
  4. antibodies destroy foreign substances
71
Q

What are enzymes?

A

-the matchmaker and divorce lawyer of proteins
-catalyze specific chemical reactions that combine substates or separate

72
Q

What elements are proteins made of?

A

C, O H and N (also sometimes S)

73
Q

What substance is the building block of proteins?

A

amino acids

74
Q

What characterizes an animo acid?

A

It’s R group (side chain)

75
Q

What are amino acids made of?

A
  1. carboxyl group (-COOH)
  2. amino group (-NH2)
  3. R group (side chain)
76
Q

polypeptide chain

A

chains of 100-5,000 amino acids

77
Q

Proteins are made up of one or more ______

A

polypeptide chains

78
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Form genes and participate in protein synthesis, control cell activities

79
Q

nucleic acids are made of ___

A

nucleotides

80
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base

81
Q

Nucleic acids have chains of many ____

A

nucleotides

82
Q

Two types of nucleic acids are

A

RNA and DNA

83
Q

What is the compositional difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA = ribose
DNA = deoxyribose

Anatomy and Physiology (31 decks)

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