Exam 2 - Urinary System

Question 1

Four functions of urinary system

Answer 1

1. Removes metabolic waste from blood
2. Maintain normal level of fluid and electrolytes
3. Regulates blood pressure
4. Regulates red blood cell production

Question 2

4 major organs of urinary system

Answer 2

1. Kidneys
2. Urinary bladder
3. Ureters
4. Urethra

Question 3

Main 2 functions of kidneys and secondary 3 functions of kidneys

Answer 3

filtering blood and producing urine
maintain normal levels of fluids and electrolytes
regulate blood pressure
regulate blood cell production

Question 4

Location of kidneys (quadrants)

Answer 4

RUQ and LUQ

Question 5

where do kidneys get their blood supply from?

Answer 5

abdominal aorta via right and left renal arteries

Question 6

where does blood leave the kidneys after filtration?

Answer 6

via right and left renal veins, drain into inferior vena cava (IVC)

Question 7

what is the hollow chamber where blood vessels and ureters attach to the kidney?

Answer 7

renal sinus

Question 8

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

Answer 8

nephrons

Question 9

what are the tubes that collect urine from nephrons?

Answer 9

collecting ducts

Question 10

collecting ducts drain urine into cup-like structures called what?

Answer 10

calyxes

Question 11

major calyxes in the kidney drain into what?

Answer 11

renal pelvis

Question 12

how does the urine get from the nephron to the ureters? (5 steps)

Answer 12

nephron –> collecting duct –> calyxes –> renal pelvis –> ureter

Question 13

two parts of a nephron

Answer 13

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

Question 14

two parts of renal corpuscle

Answer 14

1. glomerulus (blood vessels)
2. glomerular capsule (surrounds blood vessels)

Question 15

what is the part of the blood vessel that brings blood into glomerulus?

Answer 15

afferent arteriole

Question 16

what is the part of the blood vessel that brings blood out of the glomerulus?

Answer 16

efferent arteriole

Question 17

What are the steps of urine formation?

Answer 17

1. Glomerulus filters blood
2. Reabsorption in tubules
3. Secretion in tubules

Question 18

what is the name for the filtered material leaving the glomerulus?

Answer 18

filtrate

Question 19

In reabsorption, where to substances move from and to?

Answer 19

tubules to blood vessels

Question 20

In secretion, where to substances move from and to?

Answer 20

blood vessels to tubules

Question 21

what two main factors influence glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 21

1. blood pressure
2. oncotic pressure

Question 22

how does blood pressure relate to filtration rate?

Answer 22

correlates

Question 23

in filtration, what substances can get filtered?

Answer 23

fluid and smaller substances (no blood cells or proteins)

Question 24

what is oncotic pressure (blood hydrostatic pressure)?

Answer 24

pressure generated by proteins that draws water in

Question 25

how does oncotic pressure relate to filtration rates?

Answer 25

opposes

Question 26

where is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Answer 26

between the afferent arteriole and distal tubule of nephron

Question 27

what are the two functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

Answer 27

regulates blood pressure regulates levels of electrolytes

Question 27

how does the JMA regulate blood pressure?

Answer 27

1. JMA sense change in blood pressure 2. JMA produces renin 3. Renin produces angiotensin 2

Question 27

what is the effect of angiotensin 2?

Answer 27

1. vasoconstriction (blood pressure rises) 2. stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone

Question 28

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 28

increases sodium levels in blood, decreases potassium levels in blood --> water absorption

Question 29

Renin converts the plasma protein _____ to _____

Answer 29

angiotensinogen; angiotensin

Question 30

outer layer of the kidney

Answer 30

renal cortex

Question 31

inner layer of the kidney

Answer 31

renal medulla

Question 32

renal ____ divide the renal medulla into renal ____

Answer 32

columns; pyramids

Question 33

what is the final draining point of the kidneys before the ureter?

Answer 33

renal pelvis

Question 34

what are the four main parts of a renal tubule?

Answer 34

1. glomerular capsule 2. proximal convoluted tubule 3. nephron loop 4. distal convoluted tubule

Question 35

nephrons loops have two limbs:

Answer 35

ascending and descending

Question 36

what part of a nephron is connected to the collecting duct?

Answer 36

distal convoluted tubule

Question 37

what is the main part of the renal corpuscle and what is it made of?

Answer 37

glomerulus; capillary clusters

Question 38

what are the three steps in glomerular filtration?

Answer 38

1. blood enters glomerulus from afferent arteriole 2. waste filters from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule via fenestrae 3. filtrate moves from the capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 39

what are fenestrae?

Answer 39

openings that make glomerular capillaries more permeable

Question 40

the visceral layer of the glomerulus is made of ____ cells, which have foot-like processes that prevent large proteins from being filtered out of the blood

Answer 40

podocytes

Question 41

what part of the kidney regulates heart rate and thereby regulars GFR?

Answer 41

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

Question 42

When the afferent arteriole constricts, GFR ____. When the efferent does, GFR ____

Answer 42

decreases; increases

Question 43

what are the ureters' three layers (coats) from deep to superficial?

Answer 43

mucous coat muscular coat fibrous coat

Question 44

what are the ureters' mucous coats made of

Answer 44

transitional epithelium

Question 45

what are the four layers of the urinary bladder from deep to superficial?

Answer 45

1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis 4. serosa

Question 46

what is the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder made of?

Answer 46

detrusor muscle

Question 47

the floor of the bladder has the ____, which houses the openings for the ureters and urethra

Answer 47

trigone

Question 48

the base of the trigone has this sphincter

Answer 48

internal urethral

Question 49

what are the three walls of the urethra?

Answer 49

mucosa muscularis urethral glands (mucous into canal)