Exam 2 - Urinary System Flashcards
Four functions of urinary system
- Removes metabolic waste from blood
- Maintain normal level of fluid and electrolytes
- Regulates blood pressure
- Regulates red blood cell production
4 major organs of urinary system
- Kidneys
- Urinary bladder
- Ureters
- Urethra
Main 2 functions of kidneys and secondary 3 functions of kidneys
filtering blood and producing urine
maintain normal levels of fluids and electrolytes
regulate blood pressure
regulate blood cell production
Location of kidneys (quadrants)
RUQ and LUQ
where do kidneys get their blood supply from?
abdominal aorta via right and left renal arteries
where does blood leave the kidneys after filtration?
via right and left renal veins, drain into inferior vena cava (IVC)
what is the hollow chamber where blood vessels and ureters attach to the kidney?
renal sinus
what is the functional unit of the kidneys?
nephrons
what are the tubes that collect urine from nephrons?
collecting ducts
collecting ducts drain urine into cup-like structures called what?
calyxes
major calyxes in the kidney drain into what?
renal pelvis
how does the urine get from the nephron to the ureters? (5 steps)
nephron –> collecting duct –> calyxes –> renal pelvis –> ureter
two parts of a nephron
renal corpuscle and renal tubules
two parts of renal corpuscle
- glomerulus (blood vessels)
- glomerular capsule (surrounds blood vessels)
what is the part of the blood vessel that brings blood into glomerulus?
afferent arteriole
what is the part of the blood vessel that brings blood out of the glomerulus?
efferent arteriole
What are the steps of urine formation?
- Glomerulus filters blood
- Reabsorption in tubules
- Secretion in tubules
what is the name for the filtered material leaving the glomerulus?
filtrate
In reabsorption, where to substances move from and to?
tubules to blood vessels
In secretion, where to substances move from and to?
blood vessels to tubules
what two main factors influence glomerular filtration rate?
- blood pressure
- oncotic pressure
how does blood pressure relate to filtration rate?
correlates
in filtration, what substances can get filtered?
fluid and smaller substances (no blood cells or proteins)
what is oncotic pressure (blood hydrostatic pressure)?
pressure generated by proteins that draws water in
how does oncotic pressure relate to filtration rates?
opposes
where is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
between the afferent arteriole and distal tubule of nephron
what are the two functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
regulates blood pressure
regulates levels of electrolytes
how does the JMA regulate blood pressure?
- JMA sense change in blood pressure
- JMA produces renin
- Renin produces angiotensin 2
what is the effect of angiotensin 2?
- vasoconstriction (blood pressure rises)
- stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone
what does aldosterone do?
increases sodium levels in blood, decreases potassium levels in blood –> water absorption
Renin converts the plasma protein _____ to _____
angiotensinogen; angiotensin
outer layer of the kidney
renal cortex
inner layer of the kidney
renal medulla
renal ____ divide the renal medulla into renal ____
columns; pyramids
what is the final draining point of the kidneys before the ureter?
renal pelvis
what are the four main parts of a renal tubule?
- glomerular capsule
- proximal convoluted tubule
- nephron loop
- distal convoluted tubule
nephrons loops have two limbs:
ascending and descending
what part of a nephron is connected to the collecting duct?
distal convoluted tubule
what is the main part of the renal corpuscle and what is it made of?
glomerulus; capillary clusters
what are the three steps in glomerular filtration?
- blood enters glomerulus from afferent arteriole
- waste filters from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule via fenestrae
- filtrate moves from the capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule
what are fenestrae?
openings that make glomerular capillaries more permeable
the visceral layer of the glomerulus is made of ____ cells, which have foot-like processes that prevent large proteins from being filtered out of the blood
podocytes
what part of the kidney regulates heart rate and thereby regulars GFR?
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
When the afferent arteriole constricts, GFR ____. When the efferent does, GFR ____
decreases; increases
what are the ureters’ three layers (coats) from deep to superficial?
mucous coat
muscular coat
fibrous coat
what are the ureters’ mucous coats made of
transitional epithelium
what are the four layers of the urinary bladder from deep to superficial?
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- serosa
what is the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder made of?
detrusor muscle
the floor of the bladder has the ____, which houses the openings for the ureters and urethra
trigone
the base of the trigone has this sphincter
internal urethral
what are the three walls of the urethra?
mucosa
muscularis
urethral glands (mucous into canal)
