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Biology 007 > Lecture 9: Plant Structure 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Plant Structure 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are roots?

A

An organs that serves to anchor the plant in the soil. In addition, it also serves to absorb minerals and water. As well as stores carbohydrates from photosynthesis.

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2
Q

What is the taproot?

A

The main root in dicots

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3
Q

What are lateral roots?

A

Apart of the taproot where it is not the main root but instead it is the roots that branch from the sides.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of lateral roots?

A

They are adapted to find water deep underground

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5
Q

What are fibrous root system?

A

The root system in monocots where there is no “main” root. Instead, there are thin/shallow roots that are like a mat and spread below the soil surface so absorb water quickly

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6
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Hairs that increase surface area to absorb water

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7
Q

What is the root cap?

A

A cap that protects apical meristem

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8
Q

Name the 5 modified roots?

A
  1. Prop roots
  2. Storage roots
  3. Strangling aerial roots
  4. Buttress roots
  5. Pneumatophores
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9
Q

What are prop roots?

A

Roots that are above ground to brace support top HEAVY trees

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10
Q

What are storage roots?

A

Roots that store water and carbohydrates for the plant

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11
Q

What are strangling aerial roots?

A

Roots that wrap around the host plant and extend toward the ground

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12
Q

What are buttress roots?

A

Roots that are above ground and have architectural support to hold up LARGE trees

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13
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

Roots (also air roots) that require air for underwater root systems

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14
Q

What are stems?

A

Organs that raise leaves and reproductive structures

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15
Q

What are nodes?

A

A point where leaves are attached

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16
Q

What are internodes?

A

The space in between nodes

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17
Q

What are apical meristem?

A

The growing point(or bud) at the top and bottom for vertical growth(up or down)

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18
Q

What are axillary meristem?

A

The growing point(or lateral buds) at nodes on the sides to form branches

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19
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

Found in many trees and is where the apical bud is the dominant and not the axillary buds are inhibited. In short, it grown up rather than on the sides.

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20
Q

Can apical dominance be manipulated?

A

Yes. This can be done by pruning and cutting the apical bud to make it wider and not taller.

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21
Q

Name the 4 modified stems?

A
  1. Rhizome
  2. Bulb
  3. Stolon
  4. Tuber
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22
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

The horizontal stems that grown underground.

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23
Q

What is an example of a rhizome?

A

Ginger, turmeric, and lotus

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24
Q

What are bulbs?

A

The underground storage structure where it is a short stem with fleshy leaves

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25
Q

What are examples of bulbs?

A

Onion, garlic, lilies, and tulips

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26
Q

What are stolons?

A

Horizontal (also runner) stems that shoot for asexual reproduction

27
Q

What is an example of stolons?

A

Strawberries because the stem grows to the side

28
Q

What are tubers?

A

Enlarged ends of stolons or rhizomes for storing food

29
Q

What is an example of a tuber?

A

Potatoes where they are not roots but instead an enlarged rhizome.

30
Q

What are leaves?

A

The main photosynthetic organ of a plant

31
Q

What are blades?

A

The flat part of the leaf

32
Q

What are petioles?

A

The leaf stalk of the leaf

33
Q

What are the types of leaves?

A
  1. Simple
  2. Compound
  3. Doubly Compounds
34
Q

What is a simple leaf?

A

A single and undivided blade

35
Q

What is a compound?

A

A blade that is divided into multiple leaflets (pinnate)

36
Q

What is a pinnate?

A

The multiple leaflets from one axillary bud

37
Q

What are doubly compounds?

A

Leaflets that are divided into smaller leaflets(bipinatte)

38
Q

What are the 5 modified leaves

A
  1. Tendrils
  2. Spines
  3. Storage leaves
  4. Reproductive leaves
  5. Bracts
39
Q

What are tendrils?

A

The leaves that cling to surfaces to allow vines to climb

40
Q

What are spines?

A

Sharp needles for protection

41
Q

What are storage leaves?

A

Leaves that store water

42
Q

What are reproductive leaves?

A

Plantlets for asexual reproduction

43
Q

What are bracts?

A

Brightly colored to attract pollinators to flowers

44
Q

What is the epidermis in dermal tissue?

A

The layer of cells on the outside

45
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

The waxy coating on the epidermis

46
Q

What are trichomes?

A

The hairy defense mechanism against herbivores. These can secrete sticky or toxic substances.

47
Q

What are the three dermal tissue in plants?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Cuticle
  3. Trichomes
48
Q

What are the 2 vascular tissue structures?

A
  1. Xylem
  2. Phloem
  3. Stele
49
Q

What is xylem?

A

Conducts water and dissolved minerals to the plant.

50
Q

What are some minerals in xylem?

A
  1. Nitrogen for nucleic acids
  2. Potassium for enzyme cofactor
  3. Magnesium for chlorophyll
  4. Phosphorus for phospholipids, nucleic acids, and ATP
51
Q

What is phloem?

A

Conducts the transportation of organic materials like carbohydrates and proteins

52
Q

What is the stele?

A

The vascular bundle of roots. In dicots the xylem is like a cross while the phloem is in between. In monocots the xylem is in a inner ring while the phloem is the outer ring

53
Q

What are the 2 structures of ground tissue?

A
  1. Pith
  2. Cortex
54
Q

What is the pith(medulla)?

A

The soft, spongy middle filler tissue

55
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The outer filler layer below the epidermis

56
Q

What are the types of growth?

A
  1. Indeterminate growth
  2. Determinate growth
57
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

Always growing (includes stem, roots)

58
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

Growth stops after reaching a certain size (includes flowers, leaves)

59
Q

What is the stomata?

A

Pores for gas exchange

60
Q

What are the guard cells?

A

Two cells that control opening/closing of stoma

61
Q

What are the types of dicot mesophyll?

A
  1. Palisade mesophyll
  2. Spongy mesophyll
62
Q

What is palisade mesophyll?

A

Tall mesophyll cells on top side that absorb light

63
Q

What are spongy mesophyll?

A

Loosely arranged shorter cells for CO2 and O2 circulation

64
Q

What are bundle sheath cells?

A

Cells that surround vascular tissue

Biology 007 (40 decks)

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