Lecture 9: Plant Structure 1 Flashcards
What are roots?
An organs that serves to anchor the plant in the soil. In addition, it also serves to absorb minerals and water. As well as stores carbohydrates from photosynthesis.
What is the taproot?
The main root in dicots
What are lateral roots?
Apart of the taproot where it is not the main root but instead it is the roots that branch from the sides.
What is the purpose of lateral roots?
They are adapted to find water deep underground
What are fibrous root system?
The root system in monocots where there is no “main” root. Instead, there are thin/shallow roots that are like a mat and spread below the soil surface so absorb water quickly
What are root hairs?
Hairs that increase surface area to absorb water
What is the root cap?
A cap that protects apical meristem
Name the 5 modified roots?
- Prop roots
- Storage roots
- Strangling aerial roots
- Buttress roots
- Pneumatophores
What are prop roots?
Roots that are above ground to brace support top HEAVY trees
What are storage roots?
Roots that store water and carbohydrates for the plant
What are strangling aerial roots?
Roots that wrap around the host plant and extend toward the ground
What are buttress roots?
Roots that are above ground and have architectural support to hold up LARGE trees
What are pneumatophores?
Roots (also air roots) that require air for underwater root systems
What are stems?
Organs that raise leaves and reproductive structures
What are nodes?
A point where leaves are attached
What are internodes?
The space in between nodes
What are apical meristem?
The growing point(or bud) at the top and bottom for vertical growth(up or down)
What are axillary meristem?
The growing point(or lateral buds) at nodes on the sides to form branches
What is apical dominance?
Found in many trees and is where the apical bud is the dominant and not the axillary buds are inhibited. In short, it grown up rather than on the sides.
Can apical dominance be manipulated?
Yes. This can be done by pruning and cutting the apical bud to make it wider and not taller.
Name the 4 modified stems?
- Rhizome
- Bulb
- Stolon
- Tuber
What are rhizomes?
The horizontal stems that grown underground.
What is an example of a rhizome?
Ginger, turmeric, and lotus
What are bulbs?
The underground storage structure where it is a short stem with fleshy leaves
What are examples of bulbs?
Onion, garlic, lilies, and tulips
What are stolons?
Horizontal (also runner) stems that shoot for asexual reproduction
What is an example of stolons?
Strawberries because the stem grows to the side
What are tubers?
Enlarged ends of stolons or rhizomes for storing food
What is an example of a tuber?
Potatoes where they are not roots but instead an enlarged rhizome.
What are leaves?
The main photosynthetic organ of a plant
What are blades?
The flat part of the leaf
What are petioles?
The leaf stalk of the leaf
What are the types of leaves?
- Simple
- Compound
- Doubly Compounds
What is a simple leaf?
A single and undivided blade
What is a compound?
A blade that is divided into multiple leaflets (pinnate)
What is a pinnate?
The multiple leaflets from one axillary bud
What are doubly compounds?
Leaflets that are divided into smaller leaflets(bipinatte)
What are the 5 modified leaves
- Tendrils
- Spines
- Storage leaves
- Reproductive leaves
- Bracts
What are tendrils?
The leaves that cling to surfaces to allow vines to climb
What are spines?
Sharp needles for protection
What are storage leaves?
Leaves that store water
What are reproductive leaves?
Plantlets for asexual reproduction
What are bracts?
Brightly colored to attract pollinators to flowers
What is the epidermis in dermal tissue?
The layer of cells on the outside
What is the cuticle?
The waxy coating on the epidermis
What are trichomes?
The hairy defense mechanism against herbivores. These can secrete sticky or toxic substances.
What are the three dermal tissue in plants?
- Epidermis
- Cuticle
- Trichomes
What are the 2 vascular tissue structures?
- Xylem
- Phloem
- Stele
What is xylem?
Conducts water and dissolved minerals to the plant.
What are some minerals in xylem?
- Nitrogen for nucleic acids
- Potassium for enzyme cofactor
- Magnesium for chlorophyll
- Phosphorus for phospholipids, nucleic acids, and ATP
What is phloem?
Conducts the transportation of organic materials like carbohydrates and proteins
What is the stele?
The vascular bundle of roots. In dicots the xylem is like a cross while the phloem is in between. In monocots the xylem is in a inner ring while the phloem is the outer ring
What are the 2 structures of ground tissue?
- Pith
- Cortex
What is the pith(medulla)?
The soft, spongy middle filler tissue
What is the cortex?
The outer filler layer below the epidermis
What are the types of growth?
- Indeterminate growth
- Determinate growth
What is indeterminate growth?
Always growing (includes stem, roots)
What is determinate growth?
Growth stops after reaching a certain size (includes flowers, leaves)
What is the stomata?
Pores for gas exchange
What are the guard cells?
Two cells that control opening/closing of stoma
What are the types of dicot mesophyll?
- Palisade mesophyll
- Spongy mesophyll
What is palisade mesophyll?
Tall mesophyll cells on top side that absorb light
What are spongy mesophyll?
Loosely arranged shorter cells for CO2 and O2 circulation
What are bundle sheath cells?
Cells that surround vascular tissue
