Lecture 7: Plant Diversity 1 Flashcards
How did plants adapt to land?
Plants obtained water from their root anchor that was used to absorb water and minerals. To prevent water loss, plants used cuticle-waxy coating around the plant tissue. Plants still use carbon fixation to create photosynthesis and organic fuels. They used their stomata to make openings for CO2 to enter. In addition, plants were adapting to high temperatures. However, despite differences, the plants still were vulnerable during their embryo stage.
What is a stomata?
The opening for CO2 to enter
What are non-vascular plants?
Plants that lack structures to draw up water and do not grow super high.
What are bryophytes?
The general term for non vascular plants that grow low to the ground. They are also plants that need a damp environment to thrive. Additionally, need water to reproduce.
What are the structures for bryophytes? Ignore
- Gametophyte
- Sporophyte
From who did land plants evolve from?
A protista ancestor of green algae(chlorophyta) about 500 million years ago during the ordovician period
What kingdom do plants belong to?
Kingdom Plantae
What is the gametophyte structure of bryophytes?
The gametophyte or also known as the haploid stage(n). This is the dominant life stage for bryophytes. In addition, they have a rhizoid which is the anchor of the plant. They do not get any water or minerals like roots. They also have blades which are leaf-like structures. At this point, leaves are not yet a thing.
What are sporophytes in bryophytes?
It is the diploid stage (2n). It has the seta which is the stalk growing out of the gametophyte. In addition, they also have a capsule which produces spores.
What is the life cycle of bryophytes?
- Bryophytes start off as haploid spores (n) that land and germinate into haploid protonemata (n).
~Protonemata translates to “first threads”. They grow to seek water. - After germinate, they grow into a “bud” that develops into a haploid gametophyte (n).
- After, the gametophyte is the dominant life stage.
- The male gametophyte is the antheridia which produces sperm (n).
- The female gametophyte is the archegonia which produces an egg (n)
- The sperm is flagellated and swims to the female egg. To occur, there must be water. When the sperm unites with the egg, fertilization occurs producing a diploid zygote (2n)
- After, the diploid zygote forms, it develops into a diploid sporophyte (2n) that grows from the top of the female gametophyte.
~The bottom of the sporophyte is known as the foot which is attached to the archegonia and absorbs nutrients from female gametophyte. The stalk is known as the seta. The capsule contains sporangium tissue and produces spores through meiosis. What covers the capsule is the operculum.
What are some phylums for non-vascular plants?
- Bryophyta
- Hepatophyta
- Anthocerotophyta
What is the phylum bryophyta?
They are true mosses and translate to “moss plant”.
What is the phylum hepatophyta?
They are liverworts and translate to “liver plant”. They contain a thallus which is the flattened and lobed leaf structure.
How does hepatophyta reproduce (sexual)?
In sexual, they reproduce and contain a male and female gametophyte (antheridia and archegonia). They also contain a sporophyte which produce spores.
How does hepatophyta reproduce (asexual)?
In asexual, they reproduce through gemmae cups. Gemmae are buds. When it rains it hits the gemmae cup and scatters the germmae all over.