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Biology 007 > Lecture 27: Anatomy and Physiology II (reproductive) > Flashcards

Lecture 27: Anatomy and Physiology II (reproductive) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Sperm cell production

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2
Q

What are some features of spermatogonia?

A
  1. diploid germ cell with 46 chromosomes in humans
  2. divide by mitosis to create spermatocyte
  3. The spermatocyte differentiates the divides by meiosis
  4. Creates 4 haploid sperm cells where there is 23 chromosomes in humans
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3
Q

What is spermatogonia?

A

The undifferentiated spermatogenic cell

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4
Q

What is the structure of sperm?

A
  1. oval head
    -haploid nucleus
    -acrosome: contains enzymes to penetrate oocyte
  2. midpiece
    -cylindrical shape
    -mitochondria for energy
  3. tail
    -flagellum: made microtubule
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5
Q

What are the testes composed of?

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
  2. epididymis
  3. vas deferens`
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6
Q

What is the seminiferous tubules composed of?

A
  1. spermatogenic cells
  2. interstitial cells
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7
Q

What are spermatogenic cells?

A

Germ cells that give rise to sperm cells (spermatogonia)

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8
Q

What are the interstitial cells?

A

Lydig cells, produce testosterone

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9
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Passage between seminiferous tubules and vas deferens

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10
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Ductus deferens and is the passage for sperm towards ejaculatory duct

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11
Q

What is the seminal vesicle?

A

The glandular tissue located near the base of the bladder

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12
Q

What are some features of the seminal vesicle?

A
  1. secretion
    -slight alkaline fluid to help neutralize the acidic pH of vagina
    -fructose to nourish sperm cells
    -prostaglandins to stimulate muscular contractions in the uterus to aid in sperm movement
  2. empties into ejaculatory duct along with vas deferens
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13
Q

Where is the prostate gland located?

A

Below bladder and surrounds proximal part of urethra

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14
Q

What are some features of the prostate gland?

A
  1. Citrate to nourish sperm
  2. prostate specific antigen PSA: enzyme that helps liquefy semen so sperm can stay motile
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15
Q

Where is the bulborethral gland(cowper’s gland)?

A

It is located below prostate gland

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16
Q

What are some features of the bulborethral gland?

A

It secretes lubricating fluid in response to sexual stimulation. Also, the corresponding gland in a female is the vestibular gland

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17
Q

What is the average volume of semen?

A

2-5 mL

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18
Q

What are some features of semen?

A

The fluid that is ejaculated and contain sperm cells, secretion of seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulborethral gland

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19
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The pouch of skin that holds the testes. The testes hang outside of the body to remain 3 C below body temp. Higher temps affect spermatogenesis and sperm survival

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20
Q

What is the penis?

A

The cylindrical organ that conveys urine and semen through the urethra

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21
Q

What is the body?

A

The shaft that contains erectile tissue that becomes stiff when filled with blood

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22
Q

What is the glans?

A

Cone on distal end

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23
Q

What is the prepuce in the glans?

A

The foreskin or loose fold of skin covering glans

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24
Q

What is circumcision associated with?

A

Reduced risk of HIV, HPV, and UTI

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25
Q

What is circumcision?

A

The surgical procedure that removes the prepuce

26
Q

What are the ovaries composed of?

A
  1. medulla
  2. cortex
27
Q

What is the medulla in the ovaries?

A

The inner layer that is composed of loose connective tissue and blood vessels

28
Q

What is the cortex in the ovaries?

A

The outer later and ovarian follicles

29
Q

What are some features of primordial follicles?

A
  1. primary oocyte
  2. follicular cells
  3. undergp meiosis early, but process halts as a fetus
  4. no new primordial follicles form
30
Q

What is a primary oocyte?

A

A single large cell

31
Q

What are follicular cells?

A

Epithelial cells surrounding primary oocyte and are the supply nutrient to oocyte

32
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

egg formation

33
Q

What is the process of oogenesis/oocyte?

A
  1. primary oocyte resumes meiosis beginning at puberty
  2. meiosis is uneven, cytoplasm distributed unequally
  3. meiosis I: secondary oocyte gets all the cytoplasm
    -secondary oocyte
    -first polar body
  4. meiosis II: ovum gets all the cytoplams
    -happens at fertilization
    -ovum is fertilized becoming a zygote
    -second polar bodies
  5. polar bodies give up cytoplasm and organelles to create massive zygote
    -early rounds of cell division in embryonic development can be faster
34
Q

What is zona pellucida in ovulation?

A

The layer of glycoprotein surrounding oocyte

35
Q

What is the corona radiata in ovulation?

A

The layer of follicular cells surrounding oocyte

36
Q

When is a new follicle released?

A

Every 28 days

37
Q

What is the uterine tube?

A

The fallopian tube

38
Q

What is the infundibulum in the uterine tube?

A

The funnel shape of uterine tube that encloses each ovary

39
Q

What is the fimbrae?

A

The fringe of the infundibulum

40
Q

What is uterine tube lined with?

A

Simple ciliated columnar epithelium to sweep oocyte toward the uterus

41
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Uterine tube

42
Q

What does the uterus do?

A

Receives and sustains the developing embryo

43
Q

What is the fundus?

A

The dome shaped top of the uterus

44
Q

What is the body?

A

The top 2/3 of uterus

45
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The bottom 1/3 of the uterus that extends towards vagina

46
Q

What is the uterine wall composed of?

A
  1. endometrium
  2. myometrium
  3. perimetrium
47
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The inner layer of the uterine wall

48
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

The smooth muscle of the uterine wall

49
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

The outer layer of the cervix

50
Q

Where is the vagina located?

A

From the uterus to the outside

51
Q

What is the hymen?

A

The thin membrane of connective tissue and stratified squamous epithelium that partially covers the vaginal orifice

52
Q

What is the vulva?

A

The external structures that surrounds opening for urethra and vagina

53
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

Rounded folds of adipose tissue and thin layer of smooth muscle

54
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

The labia majora merge at anterior end of pubic region also has the same tissue that develops into scrotum in males

55
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

Flattened longitudinal folds between labia majora. It is pink in appearance because of blood vessels

56
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

The small projection at anterior end of vulva. It is also the same tissue that develops into penis in males and has columns of erectile tissue. Also, has glans with rich supply of sensory nerve fibers

57
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The space in between labia minora. Contains the urethra opening at midline, vagina opening in posterior portion and vestibular glands

58
Q

What is the vestibular glands?

A

Secrete lubrication in response to sexual stimulation(Bartholin’s glands)

59
Q

What is the ovarian cycle process?

A
  1. gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) triggers release of FSH and LH
  2. follicle stimulating hormone FSH- stimulate ovarian follicle to mature
  3. luteinizing hormone LH- stimulates ovarian follicle to mature
  4. ovulation occurs(oocyte is released)- remains of ovarian follicle becomes corpus luteum
  5. corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
  6. progesterone and estrogen promote thickening of endometrium
  7. FSH and LH levels drop
  8. If there is no embyo implantation, corpus luteum degenerates, proge and estro levels drop, and uterine lining sheds (period basically)
60
Q

What happens in the ovaria. cycle when there is an embryo?

A
  1. Embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  2. acts like LH to maintain corpus luterum
  3. maintains progesterone and estrogen levels
    -uterus continues to prepare for pregnancy
    -inhibits GnRH release(prevents ovulation while pregnant)
    - contraceptive pill is progesterone and estrogen

Biology 007 (40 decks)

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