Lecture 24: Anatomy and Physiology II(immune system)

Question 1

What are WBC?

Answer 1

leukocytes

Question 2

What produces WBC?

Answer 2

They are produced by hematopoietic stem cells, same as RBC

Question 3

What do you need to make WBC?

Answer 3

They are triggered by interleukins and colony stimulating factors in response to infection

Question 4

What are the granulocyte type of WBC?

Answer 4

They contain cytoplasmic granules

Question 5

What are neutrophils?

Answer 5

A phagocyte or WBC that performs phagocytosis and defend against bacterial infection.

Question 6

How do neutrophils appear in staining?

Answer 6

Fine granules appear light purple. The granules also contain enzymes to digest bacteria after phagocytosis. Also work together in neutrophil extracellular traps as well as expel enzymes into extracellular spaces

Question 7

What is polymorphonuclear?

Answer 7

Multi lobed nucleus. They are connected by thin strands of chromatin where 3-5 strands are normal

Question 8

How much do neutrophils account for?

Answer 8

54-62% of circulating WBC

Question 9

What are eosinophils?

Answer 9

The defend against parasitic worms. They are deep red granules after staining and have 2 lobbed nucleus

Question 10

What are basophils?

Answer 10

They defend against ectoparasites and have deep blue granules after staining. The release histamines for inflammation to increase blood flow to affected area and responsible for allergic reactions. They also release heparin to inhibit blood clotting

Question 11

What are agranulocytes?

Answer 11

It is the absence of granules

Question 12

What are monocytes?

Answer 12

They change into macrophages and destroy bacteria by phagocytosis. They are the largest WBC and live for weeks if not months

Question 13

What is the NK cell?

Answer 13

It is a cell that will destroy ant cell that is infected or cancerous. It induces apoptosis and targets the cell.

Question 13

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 13

The main WBC in your lymphs. They accountfor 25 to 35% of circulating WBC. Some can live for years.

Question 14

What are T lymphocytes?

Answer 14

They are lymphocytes apart of the adaptive immune system and involved in cell to cell action.

Question 15

What is the process of activating T lymphocytes?

Answer 15

1. they are activated by antigen presenting cell
2. APC destroys foreign invader in the body and presents the antigens
3. antigen is the surface shape recognized by immune system
4. APC travels to lymph node to find lymphocytes with matching receptors and activates them
5. helper T cell activates T cells and B cells
6. release chemicals to stimulate WBC production

Question 16

What is the process of the cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 16

1. Infected body cells present the foreign antigen on their surface
2. can also target cancer by recognizing mutated proteins displayed as antigens
3. cytotoxic t cells recognize that cells display that particular antigen
4. ensures T cells destroy the right cell
5. punctures the infected cell leading to apoptosis

Question 17

What is the memory cell process?

Answer 17

1. long lived cell that patrol for future exposure to that antigen
2. proliferate directly into active cytotoxic T cells when that happens

Question 18

What are B lymphocytes?

Answer 18

Humoral immune response

Question 19

What is the process of the B lymphocyte?

Answer 19

1. patrols until it finds a antigen
2. primed when encountering antigen
3. activates until active helper T cell
4. ensures humoral response is activated only when needed
5. plasma cells manufacture antibodies and secretes into bloodstream
6. antibodies bind to specific antigens to target infection
7. memory b cells are long lived and patrol for future exposure to that antigen

8.proliferate directly into plasma cells when that happens