Lecture 28: Anatomy and Physiology IV(Endocrine System) Flashcards
What are steroid hormones?
Hormones synthesized from cholesterol
What are some features of steroid hormones?
- lipids that are insoluble in water
- Can diffuse through plasma membrane
- Signal transduction
What is signal transduction?
Chemical communication through a cell
What are some features of signal transduction?
- steroid hormone difusses across cell membrane
- binds to specific receptor protein inside the cell
- Receptor-hormone complex binds to target DNA
- activates expression of target genes
What are non-steroid hormones?
Hormones synthesized from proteins
What are some of the features in non-steroid hormones?
- signal transduction
- binds to receptor on surface of cell membrane
-G protein activates adenylate cyclase
-ATP is converted into cyclic adenosine monophosphate
-cAMP activates protein kinase enzymes
-Specific target proteins are activated by phosphorylation
What is the pituitary gland?
It is the gland attached to and controlled by the hypothalamus at the base of the brain
What is the anterior pituitary gland?
It is the gland that synthesizes its own hormones
What is the growth hormone(GH)?
The hormone stimulates cells to divide
What is the prolactin hormone(PRL)?
The hormone that stimulates milk production
What is the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
The hormone that controls thyroid secretions
What is the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
The hormone that controls hormones from adrenal cortex
What are gonadotropins?
The hormones that affect reproductive organs
What is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
In females, it is the development of ovarian follicles(ovulation) and the production of estrogen
In males, it stimulates production of sperm
What is the luteinizing hormone (LH)?
In female, it triggers ovulation.
In males, it stimulates production of testosterone.
What is the posterior pituitary gland?
The gland releases hormones synthesized by hypothalamus
What is the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
It is the hormone that causes kidneys to conserve water
What is oxytocin?
The love hormone
When is oxytocin released?
- childbrith
- breastfeeding
- maternal bonding
- social bonding
- romantic attachment
What is the thyroid gland?
It is the gland that is attached in between larynx and trachea
What is the triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)? What does it do?
- It controls the BMR
- goiter
What is the basal metabolic rate(BMR)?
It is the amount of calories consumed at rest. It activates genes for cellular respiration and regulates body heat production
What is the goiter?
An enlarged, protruding thyroid gland that occurs from iodine deficiency.
What are the adrenal glands?
The glands on top of each kidney
What is calcitonin?
It regulates calcium and phosphate in the blood (bone growth)
What is the adrenal medulla?
The inner layer also responsible for the flight or fight response
What is epinephrine?
adrenaline
What is norepinephrine?
noradrenaline
What happens in the flight or fight response?
- epinephrine
- norephrine
- forced cardiac muscle contraction or increased heart rate
- increased breathing
- increased blood glucose levels
- elevates blood pressure
- decreases digestive activity
What is the adrenal cortex?
The outer layer
What is aldosterone?
The mineralocorticoid
What does aldosterone do?
- it regulates mineral electrolytes
- it causes kidneys to conserve sodium ions
- leads to water retention by osmosis to maintain blood volume/pressure
What is cortisol?
It is gluococorticoid
What does cortisol do?
- regulates glucose metabolism
- gluconeogenesis
- elevated under stress
What is gluconeogenesis?
It is where the liver synthesizes glucose from amino acids and fatty acids (increases blood glucose level)
What are the hormones in the anterior pituitary gland?
- growth hormone (GH)
- prolactin (PRL)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
4.adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - gonadotropins
-follicle-stimulating hormone
-luteinizing hormone
What are the hormone in the posterior hormone?
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin (OT)
What are the hormones in the thyroid gland?
- triiodothyronine
- thyroxine
- calcitonin
What are the hormones in the adrenal cortex?
- aldosterone
- cortisol
What are the pancreatic islets?
The islets of langerhans
What does glucagon do?
- stimulates liver to break down glycogen
- raises blood sugar levels
- prevents hypoglycemia
-low blood glucose levels between meals or during exercise
What does insulin do?
- stimulates liver to form glycogen from glucose
- promotes glucose uptake by adipose, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle
- stimulates adipose to synthesize and store fat
- reduces blood sugar levels
What is type 1 diabetes?
Loss of insulin producing cells
What is type 2 diabetes?
Cells fail to respond to insulin
What are some complications in diabetes?
1.High blood pressure
2. cardiovascular disease
3. vision loss
4. kidney damage: damage to glomerulus
5. nerve damage
6. foot problems
7. decline in cognitive function
What is melatonin?
Regulates circadian rhythm
What does melatonin do?
- It is released when retinas receive NO light input
- increases in dark, decreases in light
- maintains day/night cycle
- maintains season cycles
What is the thymus?
The posterior to sternum between lungs. Relatively large in children
What is thymosins?
Affects production and maturation of white blood cells
What does T cell maturation do?
- T cells form in bone marrow then migrate to thymus for selection
- have positive of negative selection?
What is positive selection?
T cell must show it can recognize the body’s self identification tags
What is negative selection?
T cell must show it won’t attack the body’s own antigen
What do the ovaries produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
What does the placenta produce?
estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin
How is the stress response activated?
- physical
- psychological
What is immediate “alarm” stage?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What does the immediate “alarm” stage do?
- increased glucose and fatty acid in blood
- increased heart rate and blood pressure
- increased breathing rate
- shunting blood from skin and digestive organs to skeletal muscles
- preparing flight or fight
What is the stress hormone?
fight or flight
What does the stress hormone do?
- hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone
- stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone
- ACTH travels in blood stream to adrenal glands
- stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
What does glucagon do?
Growth hormone relased to mobilize energy sources
- increases blood levels of amino acids, fatty acids
- glucose formed from non-carbohydrate
sources
What does the antidiuretic hormone do?
Stimulates kidneys to retain water
- maintain blood pressure even if bleeding or sweating heavily
What is exhaustion?
Chronic health effects
What happens during exhaustion?
- decreased number of white blood cells
- lowers resistance to infection and cancer
- increased risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, ulcers, etc
