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Biology 007 > Lecture 29: Anatomy And Physiology IV (nervous System) > Flashcards

Lecture 29: Anatomy And Physiology IV (nervous System) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A cell that transmits information by electrical impulses

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2
Q

What is an impulse?

A

An electrical charge

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3
Q

What is the cell body?

A

The main part of the cell

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4
Q

What are the dendrites?

A

The extensions that receive information

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5
Q

What is an axon?

A

The extension that sends information

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6
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

The cone shaped thickening that leads to axon

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7
Q

What myelination?

A

The myelin sheath in the neuron

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8
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

The gaps between the neurons

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9
Q

What is white matter?

A

The myelinated axons of the CNS

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10
Q

What does it mean for neurons to be unmyelinated?

A

It means that there is no myelin sheath

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11
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Unmyelinated axons in the CNS

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12
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with multiple extensions or many dendrites and 1 axon

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13
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with two extensions with one dendrite and one axon

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14
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

Neurons with one extension where one side is the dendrite and the other side is the axon

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15
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons that receive input from the peripheral body parts from sensory receptors. In addition, most are unipolar or bipolar neurons

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16
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons found in brain and spinal cord. They conduct impulses from one part of the brain/spinal cord to another. In addition, most of them are multipolar

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17
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Efferent neurons that conduct impulses from brain/spinal cord to muscles. In addition, most of the are multipolar

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18
Q

What is neuroglia?

A

The “nerve glue” that nourishes and supports the neurons

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19
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

The phagocytose bacteria and cellular debris. If there are blood borne immune cells, they have limited access to CNS

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20
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

They provide insulating myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

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21
Q

What are Schwan cells?

A

They provide insulating myelin sheath around axons in PNS

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22
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

They are found between blood vessels and neurons of CNS and regulate nutrient flow.

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23
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

The chemicals flowing into the brains are tightly regulated

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24
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

They are cells that control the chemical environment and nutrient flow to neurons in PNS

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25
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

They are cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid in CNS

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26
Q

What is a synapse?

A

It is the gap between a neuron and another cell

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27
Q

What is the presynaptic neuron?

A

The neuron sending the information

28
Q

What is the post synaptic neuron?

A

The neuron that is receiving the information

29
Q

What is the synaptic transmission?

A

Sending a message across a synapse

30
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical signals that travel across synapse to rely information

31
Q

What is adrenaline ?

A

The fight or flight, stress neurotransmitters for physical boost

32
Q

What is noradrenaline?

A

It is the fight or flight, stress neurotransmitters for heightened awareness

33
Q

What is dopamine?

A

A neurotransmitters for pleasure, motivation, and repeat behaviors

34
Q

What is serotonin?

A

It is the mood, happiness, regular sleep, exercise, and light exposure neurotransmitters

35
Q

What is GABA?

A

Aminobutyric acid that is calming and can be found in alcohol and chamomile tea

36
Q

What are endorphins?

A

Neurotransmitters for euphoria and pain relief. Also, for exercise and excitement

37
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

The electrical charge difference in a resting nerve cell

38
Q

What is an action potential?

A

The change in electrical charges along axon in firing neuron

39
Q

What is the threshold potential?

A

The amount of depolarization at axon hillock before axon fires (-55mV). Also, the all or nothing potential

40
Q

What is depolarization?

A

It is when gated channels open and allow sodium ions to flow into cell. Additionally, the inside becomes less negatively charged

41
Q

What is repolarization?

A

When gated channel allow for potassium ions to flow out of the cell. Restores positive charge outside of the cell

42
Q

At what rate do unmyelinated axons travel?

A

O.5 m/s which is slow

43
Q

At what rate do myelinated axons travel?

A

120 m/s which is fast

44
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of axons

45
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum?

A

Left and right

46
Q

What is the corpus callosum in the cerebrum?

A

What connects the cerebral hemispheres

47
Q

What happens when the corpus callosum is cut?

A

It can treat seizures but this is the last resort

48
Q

What is alien hand syndrome?

A

It is when one can’t consciously control a hand

49
Q

What is the split brain syndrome?

A

It is where each hemisphere has its own perception

50
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer layer and gray matter

51
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Reasoning, planning, motivation, reward, and consequence

52
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Spatial sense, navigation, and touch

53
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Hearing, language comprehension, and memory(anterograde)

54
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Vision, color differentiation, and motion perception

55
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Receives sensory impulses (except smell) and relays to cerebral cortex

56
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Maintains homeostasis by linking nervous system and endocrine system

57
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

It is a combination of brain areas. It controls emotions and guides behavior by causing unpleasant feelings

58
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

It is what connects the cerebrum to spinal cord

59
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Reflex centers

60
Q

What are the pons?

A

Relay sensory impulses to cerebrum

61
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

It controls vital visceral activity such as cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center.

62
Q

What is reticular information?

A

Scattered network of nerve fibers in the brain stem. It controls awareness, decreased activity. Leads to sleep,, and impaired activity leads to coma

63
Q

What is cerebellar cortex?

A

The thin layer of gray matter on surface. It integrates body position from sensory input with movements of skeletal muscle to maintain posture. Any damage leads to uncoordinated movements

64
Q

What are ascending tracts?

A

They carry sensory information to the brain

65
Q

What are descending tracts?

A

They carry motor instructions to muscles

Biology 007 (40 decks)

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