Lecture 10: Plant Structures 2 Flashcards
What are the types of pollination?
- Wind
- Bees
- Moths
- Bats
- Flies
- Birds
What is wind pollination?
An abiotic process (does not require animal).
What are characteristics of wind pollination plants?
They are small green, and barely noticeable flowers. They don’t need a scent or to be colorful. In addition, it is also inefficient because it is not known where the wind will take the pollen. However, they do make more pollen because of it.
What are bee pollinators?
The most important insect pollinator that is attracted to delicate and sweet fragrances. They like bright colors like blue or yellow and can see UV markings for nectar guides.
What are moth pollinators?
Another insect pollinator that is attracted to sweet fragrances and like white or yellow colors that stand out at night. They have a cost/benefit relationship because they pollinate but also lay eggs and the larvae eat the seeds.
What are bat pollinators?
A animal pollinator that likes light colors that stand out. They use their scent to know which smells good.
What are fly pollinators?
Insect pollinator that likes the scent of rotten meat and likes reddish and fleshy colors. Like moths, they lay eggs but the larvae have no carrion to eat and eventually starve and die. In short, the fly and plant have parasitism relationship
What are bird pollinators?
Birds like hummingbirds that like bright colors. However, many don’t have good scent. Thus, they seek plants that will allow them to fit their curved beak
What is nectar?
Sugary solution with high energy
What is a fruit?
Derived from ovary of the flower and protects the seeds
What is a simple fruit?
Derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels
What is a berry?
Fleshy fruit without pit
What are the types of fruit?
- Simple Fruit
What are examples of fleshy fruits?
Grapes, tomatoes, cranberries, and bananas
What are the 4 types of fleshy fruits?
- Berries
- Hesperidium
- Pepo
- Drupe
What is a hesperidium?
Leathery rind
What are examples of hesperidium?
Citruses like grapefruit, oranges, lemons
What is a pepo?
Hard rinds or also gourds
What is an example of pepo’s?
cucumbers, pumpkins, and watermelons
What are drupes?
Fleshy fruits with stony pit where the seed is inside the pit
What are examples of drupes?
Peaches, plums, apricots, and cherries
What are cases where the drupe is eaten?
Almonds, cashews, any seed of that sort
What are the types dry fruits?
- Legume
- Achene
- Grains
- Nuts
What are legumes?
Legumes that have simple ovary with row of ovules.
What are examples of legumes?
Peanuts
What are achenes?
Where the ovary develops into a thin wall
What is an example of achenes?
Sunflower seeds and dandelions
What are grains?
Where the dry ovary wall is attached to the seed
What is an example of grains?
Grass and cereals that use wheat, oat, barley, rice, and corn
What are nuts?
Where there are thick and dry ovary walls
What are examples of nuts?
Acorn, chestnut, and hazelnuts
What are fruits?
Fruits are angiosperms that derive from the ovary of the flower and protect the seeds
What is an aggregate fruit?
A fruit that is derived from a flower with many carpels. Where in each carpel forms a separate fruitlet and each cluster together on a single receptacle(similar to a stem).
What are some examples of aggregate fruits?
Raspberry, Blackberry, and Boysenberry
What is a multiple fruit?
A fruit derived from an inflorescence
What is a inflorescence?
A group of flowers tightly clustered together. Where each ovary fuses together into a single fruit.
What are some examples of multiple fruits?
Pineapple, fig, mulberry, and jackfruit
What are accessory fruits?
Fruits that develop largely from tissue other than the ovary
What are pomes?
Apples and pears that develop from fleshy receptacle. In short, think the apple core in the middle and the rest grows.
Explain a strawberry.
Strawberry is an aggregate fruit on an enlarged receptacle. The seeds are the fruit and the rest are receptacles.
What is dispersal?
The spreading of seeds from angiosperms
What are the types of dispersal in angiosperms?
- Water
- Wind
- Animals
- Forcible discharge
What is water dispersal?
Where the plant produces a buoyant fruit that can float in the water.
What is an example of water dispersal?
A coconut
Explain a coconut.
The outer layer of the coconut or what we see is the seed. The white part inside is the endosperm and the hard shell is the endocarp.
What is wind dispersal?
Where trees or plants produce fruits that have wings that will allow them to fly off
What is an example of wind dispersal?
Tumbleweeds
What is animal dispersal?
Where fruits have barbs that will stick to the fur of an animal and are carried off. Another form is when fruits are sweet and are consumed by the animal and later passed through their feces. Lastly, another form of dispersal is through hiding where animals hide them and are burried.
What is forcible discharge?
Where plants have fruits have explosive dehiscence and in short, are basically shot out and explode which cause the seed to be dispersed everywhere.
How can angiosperms reproduce aside from dispersal?
Asexual reproduction
What is asexual reproduction in angiosperms?
The making of clones
What is fragmentation?
The piece of a plant growing into a whole new plant.
What is an example of fragmentation?
Potatoes where taking off the bud can cause for a new plant to grow and be identical to the original. Another example are aspen tress where sending out stolons or shoots will grow new tree clones.
What is cutting?
Where a piece of the plant is cut off to grow a new plant. This is done on purpose. Cutting the callus can allow new roots.
What is grafting?
The attaching a cutting onto another plant. This can be done with a variety of species.
What is the stock in grafting?
The plant that provides the roots
What is the scion?
The cutting that is being grafted
What are the forms of asexual reproduction?
- Fragmentation
- Apomixis
What is apomixis?
No pollination or fertilization and is where the ovule develops an embryo spontaneously and is a clone from the parent.
What is selfing?
When the same plant fertilizes its own flowers. It is similar to cloning but instead produces similar seeds with reduced genetic variation.
What is the downside to selfing?
It does not produce genetic variation and instead causes inbred generations
What are some mechanisms to prevent self fertilization?
- Making dioicious species
- Heterostyly
- Self-incompatibility
What is dioicous species?
Species that have separate male or female parts.
What is an example of dioicous species?
Male plants that have flowers with only stamens or female parts that have flowers with carpels.
What is heterostyly?
Where the style and stamens are different lengths.
What is self incompatibility?
The ability to reject its own pollen or closely related individual. Where the flower checks the molecular recognition of pollen and figures if its related and will reject it.
What happens when the pollen lands in self incompatibility?
The pollen lands on the protein receptors on the stigma and recognize if it is similar. If it is similar, the pollen tube will block it and not allow the sperm to travel to the eggs and overall reject it. If it is not similar it will allow it to go down the polleb tube.
