Lecture 5: Protista Kingdom Flashcards
What does it mean for a group to be polyphyletic?
A group to have different ancestors. They can be different in morphology, ecology, and genetic. They(protista) can also be animals, plants, or fungi like.
What is a mixotroph?
An organism that is both autotrophic and heterotrophic
What is a feature of Kingdom Protista?
It is a category for eukaryotes that didn’t fit into other categories
What is endosymbiosis?
Where the early eukaryotes took in other cells that became organelles.
What is primary endosymbiosis?
The process where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell (that was bigger in size) absorbed a aerobic prokaryote (turned into a mitochondrion). Later, it absorbed a cyanobacteria (turned into a plastid). Lastly, since it absorbed and turned into a mitochondria and plastid, it gained 2 membranes that became the first algae.
What is secondary symbiosis?
The process where a big eukaryotic cell absorbed a smaller photosynthetic algal cell. When it consumed it, it consumed a plastid that now has 4 membranes. 2 membranes from the algal plastid, 1 from algal cell, and 1 from phagocytosis. However, it later lost 1 membrane.
What are the phylums of the ‘plant-like protistas’?
- Dinoflagellata
- Euglenophyta
- Bacillariophyta
- Phaeophyta
- Rhodophyta
- Chlorophyta
What are some of the features of the dinoflagellata(dinoflagellates)?
It translates to “whirling whip” and has 2 flagellas to swim. In addition, it has reinforced cellulose plates and a plastid from red alga.
What is a genus of dinoflagellata?
Ceratium which is red tide that causes toxic algal blooms
What are some of the features of the euglenophyta (euglenids)?
Euglenophyta is a mixotrophic organism. It performs photosynthesis and eats smaller cells. It has 1-2 flagellas. It normally lives in fresh water and marine environments. Their plastids come from green algae.
What is the genus of euglenophyta?
euglena
What are some of the features of the bacillariophyta(diatoms)?
They have glass-like cell walls made of silica. They live in both freshwater and marine environments. When their shells die, they become the sand in the bottom ocean and diatomaceous earth.
What are some of the features of the phaeophyta(brown algae)?
It translated to dark-colored plant and is multicellular living in marine environments.
What is the genus of phaeophyta?
Macrocystis or also kelp. Their structures are analogous to plants.
What is the thallus in brown algae?
The body
What is the holdfast in brown algae?
The anchor
What is the stipe in brown algae?
The stem
What is the blade in brown algae?
The leaves
What are the floats in brown algae?
The air chamber
What are some of the features of rhodophyta(red algae)?
It translates to rose colored plant, where the color comes from phycoerythrin, and accessory pigment that is used for photosynthesis. It still has chlorophyll but the phycoerythrin masks it instead.
What is the genus of rhodophyta?
Porphyra or nori(sushi sheets).
What are some of the features of the chlorophyta(green algae)?
It translates to ‘green colored’ and are the protista ancestors to modern day land plants. They are found in freshwater and also have multiple colonies. From unicellular to multicellular.
What are the genus to chlorophyta?
- Chlamydomonas: single celled alga
- Gonium: circular colony
- Pandorina: round colony
- Volvix: hollow ball and spherical colony
What are the phylum of animal like protista(protozoa)?
- Zoomastigophora
- Apicomplexa
- Choanoflagellida
- Ciliophora
- Amoebozoa
- Foraminifera
- Actinopoda
What are some of the features of the zoomastigophora(zooflagellates)?
It translates to “animal whip bearing”.It uses its flagella for locomotion. It can cause beaver fever or a blood parasite.
What are some genus for zoomastigophora?
Giardia and trypanosoma that causes sleeping sickness or chagas disease.
What are some of the features of apicomplexa(obligate endoparasites)?
They infect the inside the red blood cells.
What is a genus of apicomplexia?
Plasmodium or malaria
What are some of the features of choanoflagellida(collared flagellates)?
They translate to “collar whip”. They use they flagella to create a vortex and draw in their food. This is an ancestor to animals.
What are some of the features of ciliophora(ciliates)?
It translates to “whip bearing” from the cilia that cover the organism.
What are some genus to ciliophora?
Paramecium that uses cilia to move. Also, stentor that uses stentor to feed while creating a vortex.
What are some of the features of the amoebozoa?
It translates to “changing animal” because it constantly changes its shape. It uses extensions in order to feed, this is called pseudopodia or ‘false foot’. In addition, the process is called phagocytosis, the eating of another cell.
What are some of the features of foraminifera(forams)?
It translated to “hole bearer”. It lives in a “test” which is a porous shell made of carbon carbonate and becomes sand or rock that is used in chalk.
What are some of the features of actinopoda(radiolarians)?
It translates to “rays of feet”. It is like an amoeba but has an internal skeleton made of silica. It can stretch out for prey.
What are the fungus-like protista?
- Oomycota
- Myxomycota
What are some of the features of oomycota(water mold)?
It translates to “egg fungus” and has analogous traits to fungus. The cell wall is made of cellulose and not chitin like in Kingdom Fungi.
What is hyphae?
Filament to absorb nutrients from the environment.
What is a genus of oomycota?
Saprolegnia which is cotton mold
What are some of the features of myxomycota(slime mold)?
It translated to “slime fungus”. The mold exists in different stages such as plasmodial slime or multinucleate slime or super cell stage. The super means that it has no separation between cells and are under one membrane. Also, exists in cellular slime which is solitary amoeba like cell stage.
