Lecture 5: Protista Kingdom

Question 1

What does it mean for a group to be polyphyletic?

Answer 1

A group to have different ancestors. They can be different in morphology, ecology, and genetic. They(protista) can also be animals, plants, or fungi like.

Question 2

What is a mixotroph?

Answer 2

An organism that is both autotrophic and heterotrophic

Question 3

What is a feature of Kingdom Protista?

Answer 3

It is a category for eukaryotes that didn’t fit into other categories

Question 4

What is endosymbiosis?

Answer 4

Where the early eukaryotes took in other cells that became organelles.

Question 5

What is primary endosymbiosis?

Answer 5

The process where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell (that was bigger in size) absorbed a aerobic prokaryote (turned into a mitochondrion). Later, it absorbed a cyanobacteria (turned into a plastid). Lastly, since it absorbed and turned into a mitochondria and plastid, it gained 2 membranes that became the first algae.

Question 6

What is secondary symbiosis?

Answer 6

The process where a big eukaryotic cell absorbed a smaller photosynthetic algal cell. When it consumed it, it consumed a plastid that now has 4 membranes. 2 membranes from the algal plastid, 1 from algal cell, and 1 from phagocytosis. However, it later lost 1 membrane.

Question 7

What are the phylums of the ‘plant-like protistas’?

Answer 7

1. Dinoflagellata
2. Euglenophyta
3. Bacillariophyta
4. Phaeophyta
5. Rhodophyta
6. Chlorophyta

Question 8

What are some of the features of the dinoflagellata(dinoflagellates)?

Answer 8

It translates to “whirling whip” and has 2 flagellas to swim. In addition, it has reinforced cellulose plates and a plastid from red alga.

Question 9

What is a genus of dinoflagellata?

Answer 9

Ceratium which is red tide that causes toxic algal blooms

Question 10

What are some of the features of the euglenophyta (euglenids)?

Answer 10

Euglenophyta is a mixotrophic organism. It performs photosynthesis and eats smaller cells. It has 1-2 flagellas. It normally lives in fresh water and marine environments. Their plastids come from green algae.

Question 11

What is the genus of euglenophyta?

Answer 11

euglena

Question 12

What are some of the features of the bacillariophyta(diatoms)?

Answer 12

They have glass-like cell walls made of silica. They live in both freshwater and marine environments. When their shells die, they become the sand in the bottom ocean and diatomaceous earth.

Question 13

What are some of the features of the phaeophyta(brown algae)?

Answer 13

It translated to dark-colored plant and is multicellular living in marine environments.

Question 14

What is the genus of phaeophyta?

Answer 14

Macrocystis or also kelp. Their structures are analogous to plants.

Question 15

What is the thallus in brown algae?

Answer 15

The body

Question 16

What is the holdfast in brown algae?

Answer 16

The anchor

Question 17

What is the stipe in brown algae?

Answer 17

The stem

Question 18

What is the blade in brown algae?

Answer 18

The leaves

Question 19

What are the floats in brown algae?

Answer 19

The air chamber

Question 20

What are some of the features of rhodophyta(red algae)?

Answer 20

It translates to rose colored plant, where the color comes from phycoerythrin, and accessory pigment that is used for photosynthesis. It still has chlorophyll but the phycoerythrin masks it instead.

Question 21

What is the genus of rhodophyta?

Answer 21

Porphyra or nori(sushi sheets).

Question 22

What are some of the features of the chlorophyta(green algae)?

Answer 22

It translates to ‘green colored’ and are the protista ancestors to modern day land plants. They are found in freshwater and also have multiple colonies. From unicellular to multicellular.

Question 23

What are the genus to chlorophyta?

Answer 23

1. Chlamydomonas: single celled alga
2. Gonium: circular colony
3. Pandorina: round colony
4. Volvix: hollow ball and spherical colony

Question 24

What are the phylum of animal like protista(protozoa)?

Answer 24

1. Zoomastigophora
2. Apicomplexa
3. Choanoflagellida
4. Ciliophora
5. Amoebozoa
6. Foraminifera
7. Actinopoda

Question 25

What are some of the features of the zoomastigophora(zooflagellates)?

Answer 25

It translates to “animal whip bearing”.It uses its flagella for locomotion. It can cause beaver fever or a blood parasite.

Question 26

What are some genus for zoomastigophora?

Answer 26

Giardia and trypanosoma that causes sleeping sickness or chagas disease.

Question 27

What are some of the features of apicomplexa(obligate endoparasites)?

Answer 27

They infect the inside the red blood cells.

Question 28

What is a genus of apicomplexia?

Answer 28

Plasmodium or malaria

Question 29

What are some of the features of choanoflagellida(collared flagellates)?

Answer 29

They translate to “collar whip”. They use they flagella to create a vortex and draw in their food. This is an ancestor to animals.

Question 30

What are some of the features of ciliophora(ciliates)?

Answer 30

It translates to “whip bearing” from the cilia that cover the organism.

Question 31

What are some genus to ciliophora?

Answer 31

Paramecium that uses cilia to move. Also, stentor that uses stentor to feed while creating a vortex.

Question 32

What are some of the features of the amoebozoa?

Answer 32

It translates to “changing animal” because it constantly changes its shape. It uses extensions in order to feed, this is called pseudopodia or ‘false foot’. In addition, the process is called phagocytosis, the eating of another cell.

Question 33

What are some of the features of foraminifera(forams)?

Answer 33

It translated to “hole bearer”. It lives in a “test” which is a porous shell made of carbon carbonate and becomes sand or rock that is used in chalk.

Question 34

What are some of the features of actinopoda(radiolarians)?

Answer 34

It translates to “rays of feet”. It is like an amoeba but has an internal skeleton made of silica. It can stretch out for prey.

Question 35

What are the fungus-like protista?

Answer 35

1. Oomycota
2. Myxomycota

Question 36

What are some of the features of oomycota(water mold)?

Answer 36

It translates to “egg fungus” and has analogous traits to fungus. The cell wall is made of cellulose and not chitin like in Kingdom Fungi.

Question 37

What is hyphae?

Answer 37

Filament to absorb nutrients from the environment.

Question 38

What is a genus of oomycota?

Answer 38

Saprolegnia which is cotton mold

Question 39

What are some of the features of myxomycota(slime mold)?

Answer 39

It translated to “slime fungus”. The mold exists in different stages such as plasmodial slime or multinucleate slime or super cell stage. The super means that it has no separation between cells and are under one membrane. Also, exists in cellular slime which is solitary amoeba like cell stage.