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Biology 007 > Lecture 4: Bacteria 02/14/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Bacteria 02/14/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are common shapes of bacteria?

A

coccus(spherical), bacillus(rod), and spiral

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2
Q

What are the types of spiral bacterias?

A

Spirillum that is thick, rigid, and spiral
Spirochete: thin, flexible, and spiral

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3
Q

What is the cell wall in bacteria?

A

An extra layer of peptidoglycan surrounds cell membrane

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4
Q

What is gram positive bacteria?

A

Bacteria that can be stained by CV due to thick peptidoglycan. An example is staphylococcus or streptococcus.

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5
Q

What is gram negative bacteria?

A

Bacteria that cannot be strained by CV due to extra lipopolysaccharide. An example of this escherichia or salmonella.

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6
Q

What is the flagella in bacteria?

A

Whip-like appendage for swimming. May be able to swim through mucus such as in the stomach and enter, an example helicobacter pylori.

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7
Q

What is the fimbrae in bacteria?

A

The shorter hair-like extensions that adhere to surfaces such gonorrhea that sticks to the urinary tract.

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8
Q

What is the capsule in bacteria?

A

The sticky outer layer that adheres to surfaces but also acts as a barrier such as streptococcus that forms plaque in your teeth.

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9
Q

What is the endospore?

A

A tough bacterial spore that can resist damage and be dormant until conditions are better to survive. May survive through UV radiation, high temperatures, freezing, or chemical disinfectants. An example is clostridium in canned foods.

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10
Q

What are pili(plural)?

A

Appendages that join bacteria cells to exchange DNA.

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11
Q

What is a nucleoid in a bacteria?

A

The region of cytosol that contains the chromosome

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12
Q

What are plasmids in a bacteria?

A

Smaller rings of DNA separate from chromosomes

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13
Q

What do bacteria don’t have?

A

Organelles but they do have complicated folds for different functions such as thylakoids for photosynthesis or cristae for aerobic cellular respiration

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14
Q

What is genetic diversity in bacteria?

A

Rapid reproduction and mutation

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15
Q

What is transformation in bacteria?

A

The uptake of foreign DNA from the environment

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16
Q

What is transduction in bacteria?

A

The uptake of foreign DNA via virus

17
Q

What is conjugation in bacteria?

A

The DNA transfer between two prokaryotic cells via a pilus

18
Q

What is the F factor?

A

The 25 genes needed to form a pilus

19
Q

What is the F plasmid?

A

The F factor on a plasmid that can transfer conjugation ability to other cells

20
Q

What is an R plasmid in bacteria?

A

A plasmid with antibiotic resistance genes

21
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

The genes that give bacteria ability to survive specific antibiotics

22
Q

What are some types of bacteria?

A

autotrophs, heterotrophs, opportunistic, parasitic, mutualistic, and commensialistic

23
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Self feeders that make their own food such as cyanobacteria through photosynthesis or ammonia through nitrogen fixation or converting inorganic N2 into organic NH3

24
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that feed on other organisms whether they be alive or dead. An example is bacteria in yogurt that uses fermentation.

25
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

When organisms live in close proximity.

26
Q

What is mutualism?

A

When both organisms benefit from eachother

27
Q

What is commensalism?

A

When one organism is benefitting while the other is unaffected. An example is staphylococcus aureus in the skin where there is bacteria that we don’t benefit from.

28
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Where one benefits while the other is harmed. An example are pathogens.

29
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

When chemicals are secreted by the bacteria out of the cell such cholera.

30
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Toxins that are secreted by the bacteria

31
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

When chemicals in cell wall released by bacteria, die. An example is samonella

32
Q

What are other effects of pathogens?

A

The interference with normal body functions

33
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

Bacteria that take advantage of an opening such as MRSA

34
Q

What are some phylums in the Domain Bacteria?

A

-Phylum: Proteobacteria(gram negative bacteria)
-escherichia
-salmonella
-vibrio

-Phylum: Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)
-anabaena, oscillatoria

-Phylum: Spirochaete(spiral gram negative bacteria)
-Treponema

-Phylum: Chlamydiae(small intracellular pathogens)
-genus: chlamydia

-Phylum: Firmicutes(spore forming bacteria)
-staphylococcus
-bacillus
-lactobacillus

-Phylum: Thermotogae (thermophilic bacteria)

35
Q

What are some phylum of Domain Archaea?

A

Live anywhere bacteria can and live in extreme environments

-Phylum: Crenarchaeota
-live in extreme conditions of temperature or live in high pH also marine enviroments

-Phylum: Euryarchaeota
-archaea that produce methane from anaerobic fermentation and live in swamps. Also live in high salt concentrations

Biology 007 (40 decks)

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