Lecture 4: Bacteria 02/14/24 Flashcards
What are common shapes of bacteria?
coccus(spherical), bacillus(rod), and spiral
What are the types of spiral bacterias?
Spirillum that is thick, rigid, and spiral
Spirochete: thin, flexible, and spiral
What is the cell wall in bacteria?
An extra layer of peptidoglycan surrounds cell membrane
What is gram positive bacteria?
Bacteria that can be stained by CV due to thick peptidoglycan. An example is staphylococcus or streptococcus.
What is gram negative bacteria?
Bacteria that cannot be strained by CV due to extra lipopolysaccharide. An example of this escherichia or salmonella.
What is the flagella in bacteria?
Whip-like appendage for swimming. May be able to swim through mucus such as in the stomach and enter, an example helicobacter pylori.
What is the fimbrae in bacteria?
The shorter hair-like extensions that adhere to surfaces such gonorrhea that sticks to the urinary tract.
What is the capsule in bacteria?
The sticky outer layer that adheres to surfaces but also acts as a barrier such as streptococcus that forms plaque in your teeth.
What is the endospore?
A tough bacterial spore that can resist damage and be dormant until conditions are better to survive. May survive through UV radiation, high temperatures, freezing, or chemical disinfectants. An example is clostridium in canned foods.
What are pili(plural)?
Appendages that join bacteria cells to exchange DNA.
What is a nucleoid in a bacteria?
The region of cytosol that contains the chromosome
What are plasmids in a bacteria?
Smaller rings of DNA separate from chromosomes
What do bacteria don’t have?
Organelles but they do have complicated folds for different functions such as thylakoids for photosynthesis or cristae for aerobic cellular respiration
What is genetic diversity in bacteria?
Rapid reproduction and mutation
What is transformation in bacteria?
The uptake of foreign DNA from the environment
What is transduction in bacteria?
The uptake of foreign DNA via virus
What is conjugation in bacteria?
The DNA transfer between two prokaryotic cells via a pilus
What is the F factor?
The 25 genes needed to form a pilus
What is the F plasmid?
The F factor on a plasmid that can transfer conjugation ability to other cells
What is an R plasmid in bacteria?
A plasmid with antibiotic resistance genes
What is antibiotic resistance?
The genes that give bacteria ability to survive specific antibiotics
What are some types of bacteria?
autotrophs, heterotrophs, opportunistic, parasitic, mutualistic, and commensialistic
What are autotrophs?
Self feeders that make their own food such as cyanobacteria through photosynthesis or ammonia through nitrogen fixation or converting inorganic N2 into organic NH3
What are heterotrophs?
Organisms that feed on other organisms whether they be alive or dead. An example is bacteria in yogurt that uses fermentation.
What is symbiosis?
When organisms live in close proximity.
What is mutualism?
When both organisms benefit from eachother
What is commensalism?
When one organism is benefitting while the other is unaffected. An example is staphylococcus aureus in the skin where there is bacteria that we don’t benefit from.
What is parasitism?
Where one benefits while the other is harmed. An example are pathogens.
What is an exotoxin?
When chemicals are secreted by the bacteria out of the cell such cholera.
What are pathogens?
Toxins that are secreted by the bacteria
What are endotoxins?
When chemicals in cell wall released by bacteria, die. An example is samonella
What are other effects of pathogens?
The interference with normal body functions
What are opportunistic infections?
Bacteria that take advantage of an opening such as MRSA
What are some phylums in the Domain Bacteria?
-Phylum: Proteobacteria(gram negative bacteria)
-escherichia
-salmonella
-vibrio
-Phylum: Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)
-anabaena, oscillatoria
-Phylum: Spirochaete(spiral gram negative bacteria)
-Treponema
-Phylum: Chlamydiae(small intracellular pathogens)
-genus: chlamydia
-Phylum: Firmicutes(spore forming bacteria)
-staphylococcus
-bacillus
-lactobacillus
-Phylum: Thermotogae (thermophilic bacteria)
What are some phylum of Domain Archaea?
Live anywhere bacteria can and live in extreme environments
-Phylum: Crenarchaeota
-live in extreme conditions of temperature or live in high pH also marine enviroments
-Phylum: Euryarchaeota
-archaea that produce methane from anaerobic fermentation and live in swamps. Also live in high salt concentrations
