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BIOL 204 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Three characteristics distinguish ADAPTIVE immunity
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Systemic effect: throughout the body
  2. Specificity: immunity directed against a particular pathogen
  3. Memory: when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness
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2
Q

Two types of adaptive immunity
1.
2.

A
  1. Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
  2. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
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3
Q

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
- ___________ directly attack and destroy forgein cells or diseased host cells
- rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to __________
- kills cells that harbor them

A
  • lymphocytes
  • antibodies
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4
Q

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
- mediated by antibodies that do ______ directly destroy pathogen but ______ it for destruction
- many antibodies are dissolved in body fluids (“______”)
- effective against _________ viruses, bacteria, yeasts, protozoans, and molecular (noncellular) disease agents such as_____ , ______ , and__________

A
  • NOT
  • tag
  • humors
  • extracellular; toxins; venoms; allergens
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5
Q

_________: any molecules that triggers an immune response
- complex molecules with structures ______ to the individual
- ________,__________,________, _________
- characteristics enable body to distinguish “____” molecules from foreign ones

A

antigens
- unique
- proteins; polysaccharides; glycoproteins; glycolipids
- “self”

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6
Q

________ (antigenic determinants): certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune response
- large antigen can have many of these–> therefore you can produce a lot of different antibodies

A

epitopes

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7
Q

_______: too small to be antigenic in themselves
- can trigger an immune response by combining with a host __________ and creating a complex that the body recognizes as ________
- _________, ___________, ________ _______, _______ ______, and ______ _______
- ___________ binds to host proteins in allergic individuals

A

Haptens
- macromolecule; foreign
- cosmetics; detergents; industrial chemicals; poison ivy; animal dander
- penicillin

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8
Q

Antibody Structure
- ___________: a defensive gamma globulin found in blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions, and some leukocyte membranes

Antibody ________: the basic structural unit of an antibody
- composed of four polypeptide chains linked by disulfide (S-S) bonds
- Two _____ ______ chains: have a hinge region where antibody is bent
- Two ____ chains: variable (v) region in all four chains; gives the antibody its __________

A
  • Immunoglobulin (Ig)

monomer
- larger heavy
- light; uniqueness

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9
Q

________-________ _____: formed from the ___ regions of the of the heavy and light chain on each arm; attaches to the _______ of an antigen molecule

A

antigen-biding site; V; epitope

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10
Q

IgG monomer constitutes about ___% of circulating antibodies in blood plasma
- crosses placenta and confers temporary immunity on the fetus; includes the ____-_____ antibodies of the _____ blood group

A

80%
- anti-D; Rh

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11
Q

Antibody Diversity:
- human immune system capable of creating as many as ___ ________ different antibodies
- but there as as few as _________ genes in the human genome, so the variety of proteins must be accomplished by:
1.
2.

A
  • 1 trillion
  • 20,000 genes
    1. Somatic recombination
    2. Somatic hypermutation
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12
Q
  • ________________: DNA ________ shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes
  • _______________: ____ cells in ________ ________ rapidly mutate creating new sequences
A
  • somatic recombination; segments
  • somatic hypermutation; B; lymph nodules
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13
Q

Cells of the Immune System
- ____________
- ____________
-___________: mobile, derive from monocytes
-___________: mobile, receptor-mediated endocytosis
-___________: stationary

especially concentrated in strategic places such as __________ organs, ____, and ________ ___________

A
  • lymphocytes
  • antigen-presenting cells
    -macrophages
    -dendritic cells
    -reticular

lymphatic; skin; mucous membranes

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14
Q

Lymphocytes
There are three types
1. ______________: immune surveillance
2. ______________: ________ and ________ cells
3. _______________: cells that are eventually activated to produce epitope-specific antibodies

A
  1. Natural Killer cells
  2. T lymphocytes (T cells): helper; cytotoxic
  3. B lymphocytes (B cells)
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15
Q

The Life History and Migrations of B and T cells
humoral immunity: ____ cells
- start in _____ ______ _______ and develop to become _________–> move to _______ _______ and become ______ cells and can move to _______ and _______

cellular immunity: ____ cells
- start in _____ _______ __________ and move to ___________ as ___-____ cells where they develop and become ___________ ___-cells and move to lymphatic tissues and organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen)

A

B
- red bone marrow; immunocompetent; lymph node; plasma tonsils; spleen

T
- red bone marrow; thymus; T-stem; immunocompetent T

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16
Q

T cell development and activation
1. born: _____________
2. educated: ___________
- makes __________ and _________ (hormones) which stimulates young t-cells to put unique epitope-specific receptors (TCRs) and cell docking proteins (_____ and ______) on their surface

T cells then go through…..
- _________ _________ (against foreign antigen) in thymus __________
- __________ __________ (against self-antigen) in thymus __________

After they pass these tests….
- deployed to _________ _______ and _______

A
  1. Red bone marrow
  2. Thymus
    - thymopoietin; thymosin; CD4 and CD8
  • positive selection; cortex
  • negative selection; medulla
  • lymphatic tissues; organs
17
Q
  • T cells that pass positive selection move to thymus ________ to undergo negative selection
  • if they don’t pass positive selection or negative selection they do ____ survive= __________
A
  • medulla
  • NOT; apoptosis
18
Q
  • CD4 protein interacts with __________ proteins on another cell (carries foreign antigen)
  • CD8 protein interacts with __________ proteins on another cell (carries foreign antigen)
A
  • MHC class II
  • MHC class I
19
Q

In the Thymus….
- T cells that binds to MHC II and does NOT recognize self-antigens
- get rid of ______ proteins, and keep ______ proteins
- become ______ t-cells

A
  • CD8; CD4
  • Helper
20
Q

In the Thymus….
- T cells that binds to MHC I and does NOT recognize self-antigens
- get rid of ______ proteins, and keep ______ proteins
- become ______ t-cells

A
  • CD4; CD8
  • Cytotoxic
21
Q
  • Immune response to __________ pathogen= _______ T cell
  • Immune response to __________ pathogen= ___________ T cell
A
  • extracellular (exogenous); Helper
  • intracellular (endogenous); Cytotoxic
22
Q

T cells CANNOT recognize antigens on their own so _______________ are required
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
all function as APCs

A

Antigen-presenting cells
- dendritic
- macrophages
- reticular cells
- B cells

23
Q

Function of APCs depends on _____________
- they act as cell “___________ ____” that label every cell of your body as belonging to you
- structurally _________ for each individual, except for _______ ________

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
- identification tags
- unique; identical twins

24
Q

Endogenous Pathway:
- __________ _______
- makes ____________ that have the pathogen in it
- uses __________ from viral peptide
- _______ ______ and ________= protein translation
- makes _______ proteins carrying antigen of pathogen (goes to surface)
- __________ T cell can bind to this protein, activating a response

A

unhealthy cell (infect by virus)
- phagosomes
- fragments
- rough ER; Golgi apparatus
- MHC I
- cytotoxic

25
Q

Exogenous Pathway:
- ___________ _________: ____________
- __________ the pathogen and break it up
- use ___________ from pathogen
- goes to _______ ______ and _________= protein translation
- makes ______ protein carrying antigen from pathogen (goes to surface)
- _________ T cell can bid to this protein, activating a response

A
  • professional cell: macrophage
  • phagocytize
  • fragments
  • rough ER; Golgi
  • MHC II
  • Helper
26
Q
  • ____________ T cells: killer T cells
    -“effectors” of cellular immunity; carry out attack on enemy cells
  • ___________ T cells: help promote ______ cell and _____ cell action and _______ immune
  • __________ T cells: T-regs
    -inhibit multiplication and ________ secretion by other T cells; ________ immune response
  • __________ T cells (Tm): descend from the __________ T cells
    -responsible for _________ in cellular immunity
A
  • Cytotoxic
  • Helper; Tc; B; innate
  • Regulatory
    -cytokine; limit
  • Memory; cytotoxic
    -memory
27
Q

Helper T cell Activation
- first signal= connection of helper T cell and _______ (_____ binds to ______ protein)

  • second signal= additional cellular interactions stimulate activated helper T cell to secrete ____________
  • _____ (________ __________) bind to ____-___ receptors on helper T cells—> stimulates ____________ and ______ ________
  • more helper T cells for specific foreign antigen
  • activates NK, B, or Tc cells
A
  • APC (TCR; MHC II)
  • interleukin 2
  • interleukin 2 (growth factors); IL-2; proliferation; clonal selection
28
Q

Cytotoxic T cell Activation
- first signal= connection of cytotoxic T cell and ___________ _______ (TRC; MCH I)
- second signal= helper T cell secretes _____ and stimulates proliferation and clonal selection of cytotoxic cells
- activated and memory cytotoxic T cells respond to unhealthy cells displaying antigen and _______
- they release cytotoxic compounds ________ and _______= induces apoptosis

A
  • unhealthy cell
  • IL-2
  • MHC I
  • perforin; granzymes
29
Q

Both cellular and humoral immunity occur in three stages
1.
2.
3.
OR
Thought of as the “three Rs of immunity”

A
  1. Recognition (recognize)
  2. Attack (react)
  3. Memory (remember)
30
Q

MHC-I proteins
- produced by _____ nucleated cells, transported to, and inserted on plasma membrane
- if they are normal ___-antigens, they do _____ elicit a T cell response
- if they are _____ proteins or abnormal _______ antigens, they do elicit a T cell response
- infected or malignant cells are then destroyed before they can do further harm to the body

A
  • ALL
  • self; NOT
  • viral; cancer
31
Q

MHC-II proteins
- also called ____________ (______)
- Occur only on _______ and display only ______ antigens

A
  • human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
  • APCs; foreign
32
Q
  • ________ T cells respond ONLY to _______ proteins
  • ________ T cells respond ONLY to _______ proteins
A
  • Helper; MHC II
  • Cytotoxic; MHC I
33
Q

Role of the Helper T cell
- once activated by APCs
- helper T cell can secrete…
- __________-________ ________: nonspecific defense
- _____________: clonal selection of ___ cells (_______ ________) or _______ T cells (for ________ __________)

A
  • macrophage-activating factor
  • interleukin; B (humoral immunity) or cytotoxic (cellular immunity)
34
Q

Humoral immunity is a more __________ method of defense than cellular immunity
- ____ cells of humoral immunity produce _______ that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other means
- cellular immunity attacks the enemy cells ___________

A

indirect
- B; antibodies
- directly

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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