Lecture 9 Flashcards
Three characteristics distinguish ADAPTIVE immunity
1.
2.
3.
- Systemic effect: throughout the body
- Specificity: immunity directed against a particular pathogen
- Memory: when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness
Two types of adaptive immunity
1.
2.
- Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
- Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
- ___________ directly attack and destroy forgein cells or diseased host cells
- rids the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to __________
- kills cells that harbor them
- lymphocytes
- antibodies
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
- mediated by antibodies that do ______ directly destroy pathogen but ______ it for destruction
- many antibodies are dissolved in body fluids (“______”)
- effective against _________ viruses, bacteria, yeasts, protozoans, and molecular (noncellular) disease agents such as_____ , ______ , and__________
- NOT
- tag
- humors
- extracellular; toxins; venoms; allergens
_________: any molecules that triggers an immune response
- complex molecules with structures ______ to the individual
- ________,__________,________, _________
- characteristics enable body to distinguish “____” molecules from foreign ones
antigens
- unique
- proteins; polysaccharides; glycoproteins; glycolipids
- “self”
________ (antigenic determinants): certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune response
- large antigen can have many of these–> therefore you can produce a lot of different antibodies
epitopes
_______: too small to be antigenic in themselves
- can trigger an immune response by combining with a host __________ and creating a complex that the body recognizes as ________
- _________, ___________, ________ _______, _______ ______, and ______ _______
- ___________ binds to host proteins in allergic individuals
Haptens
- macromolecule; foreign
- cosmetics; detergents; industrial chemicals; poison ivy; animal dander
- penicillin
Antibody Structure
- ___________: a defensive gamma globulin found in blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions, and some leukocyte membranes
Antibody ________: the basic structural unit of an antibody
- composed of four polypeptide chains linked by disulfide (S-S) bonds
- Two _____ ______ chains: have a hinge region where antibody is bent
- Two ____ chains: variable (v) region in all four chains; gives the antibody its __________
- Immunoglobulin (Ig)
monomer
- larger heavy
- light; uniqueness
________-________ _____: formed from the ___ regions of the of the heavy and light chain on each arm; attaches to the _______ of an antigen molecule
antigen-biding site; V; epitope
IgG monomer constitutes about ___% of circulating antibodies in blood plasma
- crosses placenta and confers temporary immunity on the fetus; includes the ____-_____ antibodies of the _____ blood group
80%
- anti-D; Rh
Antibody Diversity:
- human immune system capable of creating as many as ___ ________ different antibodies
- but there as as few as _________ genes in the human genome, so the variety of proteins must be accomplished by:
1.
2.
- 1 trillion
- 20,000 genes
1. Somatic recombination
2. Somatic hypermutation
- ________________: DNA ________ shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences to produce antibody genes
- _______________: ____ cells in ________ ________ rapidly mutate creating new sequences
- somatic recombination; segments
- somatic hypermutation; B; lymph nodules
Cells of the Immune System
- ____________
- ____________
-___________: mobile, derive from monocytes
-___________: mobile, receptor-mediated endocytosis
-___________: stationary
especially concentrated in strategic places such as __________ organs, ____, and ________ ___________
- lymphocytes
- antigen-presenting cells
-macrophages
-dendritic cells
-reticular
lymphatic; skin; mucous membranes
Lymphocytes
There are three types
1. ______________: immune surveillance
2. ______________: ________ and ________ cells
3. _______________: cells that are eventually activated to produce epitope-specific antibodies
- Natural Killer cells
- T lymphocytes (T cells): helper; cytotoxic
- B lymphocytes (B cells)
The Life History and Migrations of B and T cells
humoral immunity: ____ cells
- start in _____ ______ _______ and develop to become _________–> move to _______ _______ and become ______ cells and can move to _______ and _______
cellular immunity: ____ cells
- start in _____ _______ __________ and move to ___________ as ___-____ cells where they develop and become ___________ ___-cells and move to lymphatic tissues and organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen)
B
- red bone marrow; immunocompetent; lymph node; plasma tonsils; spleen
T
- red bone marrow; thymus; T-stem; immunocompetent T
T cell development and activation
1. born: _____________
2. educated: ___________
- makes __________ and _________ (hormones) which stimulates young t-cells to put unique epitope-specific receptors (TCRs) and cell docking proteins (_____ and ______) on their surface
T cells then go through…..
- _________ _________ (against foreign antigen) in thymus __________
- __________ __________ (against self-antigen) in thymus __________
After they pass these tests….
- deployed to _________ _______ and _______
- Red bone marrow
- Thymus
- thymopoietin; thymosin; CD4 and CD8
- positive selection; cortex
- negative selection; medulla
- lymphatic tissues; organs
- T cells that pass positive selection move to thymus ________ to undergo negative selection
- if they don’t pass positive selection or negative selection they do ____ survive= __________
- medulla
- NOT; apoptosis
- CD4 protein interacts with __________ proteins on another cell (carries foreign antigen)
- CD8 protein interacts with __________ proteins on another cell (carries foreign antigen)
- MHC class II
- MHC class I
In the Thymus….
- T cells that binds to MHC II and does NOT recognize self-antigens
- get rid of ______ proteins, and keep ______ proteins
- become ______ t-cells
- CD8; CD4
- Helper
In the Thymus….
- T cells that binds to MHC I and does NOT recognize self-antigens
- get rid of ______ proteins, and keep ______ proteins
- become ______ t-cells
- CD4; CD8
- Cytotoxic
- Immune response to __________ pathogen= _______ T cell
- Immune response to __________ pathogen= ___________ T cell
- extracellular (exogenous); Helper
- intracellular (endogenous); Cytotoxic
T cells CANNOT recognize antigens on their own so _______________ are required
- __________
- __________
- __________
- __________
all function as APCs
Antigen-presenting cells
- dendritic
- macrophages
- reticular cells
- B cells
Function of APCs depends on _____________
- they act as cell “___________ ____” that label every cell of your body as belonging to you
- structurally _________ for each individual, except for _______ ________
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
- identification tags
- unique; identical twins
Endogenous Pathway:
- __________ _______
- makes ____________ that have the pathogen in it
- uses __________ from viral peptide
- _______ ______ and ________= protein translation
- makes _______ proteins carrying antigen of pathogen (goes to surface)
- __________ T cell can bind to this protein, activating a response
unhealthy cell (infect by virus)
- phagosomes
- fragments
- rough ER; Golgi apparatus
- MHC I
- cytotoxic
