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BIOL 204 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ ________: not an organ system but a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents and disease

A

immune system

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2
Q

Cell populations of immune system are especially concentrated in the TRUE organ system: _________ _____________

A

Lymphatic System

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3
Q

Lymphatic System
- network of _____ and vein-like vessels that recover _______ that was unrecovered from __________ filtrate
- inspect it for ________ agents
- _________ immune responses
- return fluid to the ____________

A
  • organs; fluid; capillary
    • disease
    • activate
    • bloodstream
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4
Q

_________: fluid, similar to _______, very little _______ (essentially extracellular fluid–> called _____ when it enters lymphatic capillary/vessel)
- chemical composition varies in difference places (in intestines–> more ________ from _____ absorption, after _____ ______–> more lymph cells)

A

Lymph; plasma; protein; lymph
- creamy; fat; lymph nodes

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5
Q
  • ________ ___________: transport lymph and mechanisms of flow similar to ________ return
  • ________ __________: composed of aggregates (collections) of ___________ and ___________ that populate many organs in the body
  • __________ ________: defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs
    • separated from surrounding organs by connective tissue __________
A
  • lymphatic vessels; venous
  • lymphatic tissue; lymphocytes; macrophages
  • lymphatic organs; capsule
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6
Q

Lymphatic System Functions
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Fluid Recovery
  2. Immunity
  3. Lipid Absorption
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7
Q

Lymphatic System: Fluid Recovery
- fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
- blood capillaries reabsorb _____%
- ____% (2 to 4 L/day) of the ______ and about _____ of the plasma proteins enter the lymphatic system and then are returned to the blood

A
  • 85%
  • 15%; water; half
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8
Q

Lymphatic System: Immunity
- excess filtered fluid picks up ______ cells and _______ from the tissues
- fluid passes through ______ _______ where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter
- activates a ________ _______ _________ if needed

A
  • foreign; chemicals
  • lymph nodes
  • protective immune response
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9
Q

Lymphatic System: Lipid Absorption
- in _____ __________ lymphatic vessels are found and _________ (lymphatic capillary) are found in vili
- broken down dietary fats= ___________ which are packaged by ______ __________ and are released from the basal cell membrane by __________ and enter the ________ of the villus

A
  • small intestine; lacteal
  • chylomicron; Golgi complex; exocytosis; lacteal
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10
Q

Lymphatic capillaries use _______ _________ in order to be stable within tissue

A

anchoring filaments

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11
Q

Collecting lymphatic vessels drain into the _________ ________

A

subclavian veins

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12
Q

________ _________= lymphatics of the brain

A

Glymphatic system

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13
Q

Flow of Lymph- similar to the venous return
- lymph flows at ______ pressure and _______ speed than venous blood (no involved of heart pump)
- moved along by rhythmic __________ of lymphatic vessels
- stretching of vessels stimulates __________
- flow aided by _______ __________ ________
- arterial pulsation rhythmically _______ lymphatic vessels
- ___________ ______ aids flow from abdominal to thoracic cavity
- _________ prevent backward flow
- rapidly flowing blood in ___________ _______, draw lymph into it
- __________ significantly increase lymphatic return

A
  • low; slow
  • contractions
  • contraction
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • squeezes
  • thoracic pump
  • valves
  • subclavian veins
  • exercise
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14
Q

Lymphatic Cells
- ___________: antibacterial
- ________ _______ _______: large lymphocytes that attack and destroy __________, _________ ________, _____ cells infected with viruses or that have turned ___________

A
  • neutrophils
  • natural killer (NK) cells; bacteria; transplanted tissue; host; cancerous
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15
Q

Lymphatic Cells
- ___ _____________: mature in thymus
- _____ ___________: activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that can produce _____________

A
  • T lymphocytes (T cells)
  • B lymphocytes (B cells); antibodies
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16
Q

Lymphatic Cells
- __________ _______: _________, mobile _____ found in ____________, ______ __________, and ________ _______
- alert immune system to pathogens that have breached the ______ ________

A
  • dendritic cells; branched; APCs (antigen-presenting cells) ; epidermis; mucous membranes; lymphatic organs
  • body surface
17
Q

Lymphatic Cells
- _______ ___________: ________ stationary cells that contribute to the _________ of a lymphatic organ

A
  • reticular cells; branched; stroma
18
Q

______________
- phagocytic cells of connective tissue
- develop from _________ or other ____________
- phagocytize ______,________,_______ ________, _____ _______
- ________-_________ cell

A

Macrophages
- monocytes; macrophages
- debris; bacteria; dead neutrophils; foreign matter
- antigen-presenting

19
Q

___________________: aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs

A

lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue

20
Q

_______________: simplest form of lymphatic tissue
- lymphocytes are scattered- prevalent in body passages open to the exterior
- __________, ___________, _________, and __________ tracts
- ___________________ (MALT)

A

diffuse lymphatic tissue
- respiratory; digestive; urinary; reproductive
- Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

21
Q

____________ ________ (tissue): dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens- transient as pathogens are neutralized
- feature of the ______ _______, ________, and _________
- _________ _________ _______: dense clusters in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine (_________ _________)

A

lymphatic nodule
- lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix
- aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s Patches)

22
Q

Lymphatic Organs:
- Primary lymphatic organs
1.
2.
- Secondary lymphatic organs
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Red bone marrow
  2. ## Thymus
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Tonsils
  5. Spleen
23
Q

Primary lymphatic organs
- Red bone marrow & thymus
- site where ___ and ____ cells become ____________: able to recognize and respond to ____________

A
  • T; B; immunocompetent; antigens
24
Q

Secondary Lymphatic organs:
- lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
- _______________ cells populate these tissues
- very mature

A
  • immunocompetent
25
Q
  • Red bone marrow: is involve in ______________ and ________
  • Thymus: member of the ________,________, and _______ systems
    -houses developing ________
    -secretes _________ regulating their activity
    -bilobed organ located in superior mediastinum between __________ and _____ _________
    -_____________ (involution) with age
A
  • hematopoiesis; immunity
  • endocrine; lymphatic; immune
    -lymphocytes
    -hormones
    -sternum; aortic arch
    -degeneration
26
Q

______ _______: most numerous lymphatic organs
- about ______ in typical young adult
- Serve two functions
1.
2.
- elongated, _____- shaped structure with ____
- enclosed with fibrous capsule with ________ that divide interior into compartments

A

lymph nodes
- 450
1. Cleanse the lymph
2. Act as a site of T and B cell activation
- bean; hilum
- trabeculae

27
Q

7 areas of lymph node concentration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Submandibular
  2. Axillary
  3. Thoracic duct
  4. Intestinal region
  5. Small intestine (peyer’s patches)
  6. Inguinal (groin area)
  7. Red bone marrow
28
Q

When a lymph node is under challenge by an antigen
- ____________: swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen
- ____________: collective term for all lymph node diseases

A
  • lymphadenitis
  • lymphadenopathy
29
Q

_____________: cancerous cells break free from original tumor, travel to other sites in the body and establish new tumors
-metastasizing cells easily enter ________ __________
-tend to lodge in the first ____ _______ they encounter
-swollen, firm, and usually painless
-tend to spread to the next node downstream

A

metastasis
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph node

30
Q

Treatment of breast cancer is __________, ___________, along with removal of near by ______ _________

A

lumpectomy; mastectomy; axillary nodes

31
Q

The tonsils
1.
2.

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsil
  2. Palatine tonsil
32
Q

_______ ________: when people eat, bacteria can settle here and it can be hard to remove–> and they cause inflammations… therefore leading to tonsil removal
- there are now antibiotics to get rid of bacteria

A

Tonsillar crypts

33
Q

___________: the body’s largest lymphatic organ
- Parenchyma exhibits two types of tissue
1. ________: sinuses filled with erythrocytes
2. ________: lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery

A

Spleen
1. Red pulp
2. White pulp

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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