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BIOL 204 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary organs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Accessory organs: they are not apart of the digestive tract, but they contribute to the process of digestion indirectly
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. oral cavity (mouth)
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. ## large intestine
  7. teeth
  8. tongue
  9. salivary glands
  10. liver
  11. gallbladder
  12. pancreas
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2
Q
  • alimentary canal= __________ which refers to the whole passage (______ hollow) along which food passes through the body from the _____ to ____
  • gastrointestinal (GI) tract= _________ + _________
A
  • digestive tract; muscular; mouth; anus
  • stomach; intestines
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3
Q

Four layers of the organs of the digestive tract
1.
2.
3.
4.

  • the _______ layer comes into contact with food particles
A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis propria (aka muscularis extnera)
  4. adventitia or serosa
  • mucosa
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4
Q

Organs of the digestive system that have adventitia instead of serosa…

Where within the digestive system can the serosa be found?

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • rectum

the outermost layer of the digestive tract, covering organs within the abdominal cavity, such as the stomach and intestines

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5
Q
  • The muscularis externa (or propia) is located in between the _________ and ________
  • two layers of smooth muscle that constitute it
    1.
    2.
A
  • submucosa; adventitia/serosa
    1. Circular
    2. longitudinal
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6
Q

The GI tract has its own nervous system called the ___________
- this system coordinates _______, _______, and ______ to achieve adequate nutrient _________

A
  • enteric NS
  • digestion; secretion; motility; absorption
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7
Q
  • plexus= a _____ of ________ or vessels)
  • in the enteric NS, the two main plexus are the _______ plexus (or ______ plexus) and the ________ plexus (or _______ plexus)
A
  • network; nerves
  • myenteric (Auerbach’s)
  • submucosal (meissner)
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8
Q

Alternative term for the submucosal plexus= ________ plexus
- the _________ layer houses the submucosal plexus and the primary function is to regulate _____ __________

A

Meissner
- submucosa; GI secretions

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9
Q

Another name for the myenteric plexus= _________
- located between the ________ and _______ muscle layers of the ________ ______
- primary function is to control the _______ and ______ of the digestive tract (________)

A

Auerbach
- circular; longitudnal; muscularis externa
- motility; movement; peristalsis

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10
Q

alternative terms for long and short reflexes in the GI tract
- long reflexes= ________ reflexes
-involve _____ integration centers & ____

  • short reflexes= _______ reflexes
    -mediated entirely by _______ _______ in response to stimuli within the GI tract
A
  • vagovagal
    -CNS; ANS
  • myenteric
    -enteric NS plexuses
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11
Q

Subdivision of the ANS
- ____________ inputs enhance digestive activity: motility & secretion
-stimulation occurs from the cranial nerve: _____
- _________ impulses inhibit it

A
  • parasympathetic
    -Vagus
  • sympathetic
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12
Q

Long reflexes
- pathway:
- stimuli: originate _____ the GI tract
- response time: _________ due to ____ involvement

A
  • CNS & ANS
  • outside (sight, smell, emotion)
  • slower; CNS
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13
Q

Short reflexes
- pathway:
- stimuli: originate ______ GI tract
- response time: _______ due to local processing

A
  • entirely within ENS
  • within (pressure, chemical changes)
  • faster
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14
Q

The olfactory or visual perception of appetizing food triggers the secretion of salvia.. in this scenario the type of reflex likely involved is _______ reflex

A

long

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15
Q

_________: alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction; results in the ________ (movement) of materials through the GI tract

  • takes place in the following digestive system organs…
A

peristalsis; propulsion
- esophagus
- stomach
- intestines

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16
Q

_____________: rhythmic contraction and relaxation of non-adjacent segments of the digestive tract; moving materials ______ and ______ to aid the _______ of undigested materials with intestinal secretions
- ensures _______ digestion and _______ are both completed
- takes place in the following digestive system organs…

A

segmentation; back and forth; mixing
- chemical; absorption
- intestines

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17
Q
  • for propulsion (movement) of food particles through the GI tract, which type of GI motility is more relevant: _________
  • in terms of mixing food particles with GI secretions, which the of GI motility is more effective: ___________
  • is it possible to utilize segmentation to move food particles through your esophagus towards your stomach? ______
A
  • peristalsis
  • segmentation
  • no (there is no net movement in segmentation)
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18
Q
  • __________: the selective intake of food (occurs in the __________)
  • digestion: the _______ (physical) and ______ (by digestive enzymes) breakdown food into a form usable by the body
  • processes responsible for mechanical breakdown of food particles in the….
    -mouth=
    -stomach=
    -small intestine=
A
  • ingestion (oral cavity)
  • mechanical; chemical
    -chewing
    -churning
    -segmentation
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19
Q
  • propulsion= __________________
  • ___________: the uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the ______ or ______
A
  • movement of food particles through the GI tract
  • absorption; blood; lymph
20
Q
  • compaction: absorbing ______ and consolidating the ________ residue into _____
  • __________: the elimination of feces through the anus
A
  • water; indigestible; feces
  • defecation
21
Q

Digestive processes that occur in the oral cavity
- _______ digestion: through the activation of _______ (_________) reflex
- ________ digestion: _____ is partially digested by _______ in the mouth

A
  • mechanical; chewing (mastication)
  • chemical; starch; enzymes
22
Q

Four types of teeth and number of roots associated with each type
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. incisor (1 root)
  2. canine (1 root)
  3. premolar (1-2 roots)
  4. molar (2-3 roots, 3rd molar all roots are fused into 1)
23
Q
  • Canines are also called ______ due to their ______, cusp-like shape
  • ______ are also recognized as _________
  • the role of these “cusps” is to _______ and _______ food during the chewing process
  • ________ are typically referred to as “the grinders” because of their broad, ______ surfaces designed for crushing, shredding, and grinding
A
  • cuspids; pointed
  • premolars; bicuspids
  • tearing; grinding
  • molars; flat
24
Q

Type of teeth that are blade-shape and located at the front of the mouth, and are particular useful for ________ or _______

A

incisors; clipping; cutting

25
Q

Adults normally have _____ teeth in the mandible (lower jaw) and _____ in the maxilla (upper jaw)= ____ teeth
- ____ incisors
- _____ canines
- _____ premolars
- _____ molars

A

16; 16; 32
- 8
- 4
- 8
- 12

26
Q

Three parts of a tooth
1.
2.
3. ______: the portion of the tooth that extends beneath the gum line

A
  1. crown
  2. neck
  3. root
27
Q
  • _______ covers the crown, the outer layer of the tooth
  • _________ covers the root
A
  • enamel
  • cementum
28
Q

Composition of enamel
- _____________ containing _______ and ________
- primary function: to provide a hard and durable ________ layer for the underling _____ and ______ of the tooth, facilitating effecting biting and chewing

A
  • hydroxyapatite crystals; calcium; phosphate
  • protective; dentin; pulp
29
Q
  • Dentin: ________ hard tissue that makes up the _____ of all teeth lying beneath _______ and ________
  • it contains _____ _______ and is responsible for providing support to the enamel and transmitting sensory signals to the nerve
  • it consists of mainly _____________
A
  • yellowish; bulk; enamel; cementum
  • dentin tubules
  • hydroxyapatite (apatite crystals)
30
Q
  • Pulp of the tooth is the ________ layer of the tooth located in the ______ chamber of the tooth, within the pulp cavity
  • pulp contains: _______ tissue, ______ ______ (supplies nutrients), _______ ______, and ______ (tooth sensation)
  • name of the cells in pulp that contribute to define formation= ____________
A
  • innermost; central
  • connective; blood vessels; lymphatic vessels; nerves
  • odontoblasts
31
Q
  • Part of the tooth that is responsible for sensitivity to pain, pressure, and temperature= ________ (because it contains nerves, particularly nociceptive nerve fibers)
  • When _______ covering the dentin erodes, exposing the dentin ________, fluid within them moves
  • this moment activates ______ receptors at the dental pulp, believed to be the mechanisms behind tooth pain sensation
A
  • pulp
  • enamel; tubules
  • pain
32
Q

______________: bone-like material covering the roots; _______ the tooth to the surrounding ________ bone
- located over the ______ of the root
- structure in the mouth that covers both the cementum and the root of the tooth= _____________

A

dental cementum; anchors; alveolar
- dentin
- periodontal ligament (attaches tooth securely to the jawbone)

33
Q

__________: passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the pulp cavity (within the root); it is also a colloquial term for a dental operation, where pulp is cleaned out, the space disinfected and then filled

A

root canal

34
Q

There main MAJOR salivary glands
1.
2.
3.

  • intrinsic (minor) small salivary glands are dispersed in _____ _______ and secrete saliva at a constant rate in relatively small amounts
A
  1. Parotid gland
  2. Submandibular gland
  3. Sublingual gland
  • oral tissue (oral mucosa)
35
Q

The ________________ are responsible for producing the greatest amount of saliva when consuming food

A

extrinsic (major) salivary glands

36
Q

saliva is a ______ fluid produced by ______ pairs of major glands and numerous ______ salivary glands located in the oral cavity

A

watery; 3; minor

37
Q

Two elements of saliva that contribute to combating bacteria
1. _______: an enzyme that has antibacterial properties (break down cell walls of certain bacteria, leading to their destruction)
2. ______: an antibody that plays a role in the immune defense against bacteria and viruses

A
  1. lysozyme
  2. IgA
38
Q

Two enzymes in saliva that initiate the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates (starch) and lipids
- ___________: begins starch digestion
- ___________: begins fat digestion

A
  • amylase
  • lipase
39
Q

Salvia makes swallowing easier by binding the food particles into a soft mass= ______ and lubricating it with mucus

A

bolus

40
Q

Two structures that the esophagus connects
1.
2.

Two sphincters of the esophagus
1.
2.

A
  1. pharynx
  2. ## stomach
  3. Upper esophageal sphincter (UES)
  4. Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
41
Q

Upper Esophageal Sphincter
- situated at the lower end of the ________
- it safeguards the entrance into the esophagus
Main functions
1. prevent entry of ______ into the esophagus during _______
2. Prevent ______ of esophageal contents into the pharynx to protect against airway aspiration

A
  • pharynx
    1. air; breathing
    2. reflux
42
Q

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
- situated at the junction of the esophagus and the ________
Main function
1. protects the esophagus from the _____ of ______ contents

A
  • stomach
    1. reflux; gastric
43
Q

Swallowing involves over 22 muscles coordinated by the swallowing center (in the _________)

A

medulla

44
Q

Three phases of the swallowing process
1.
2.
3.
- phases are named based on the _______ and actions involved in the movement of the ______ during the process of swallowing)

A
  1. Oral (or buccal) phase
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Esophageal phase
    - location; bolus
45
Q
  • What prevents food from being aspirated? ________ rises so that the _______ blocks the trachea which happens during the ________ phase
  • the bolus is pushed down through the esophagus toward the stomach through ________ which happens in the ________ phase
A
  • larynx; epiglottis; pharyngeal
  • peristalsis; esophageal
46
Q

It is essential to close the cardiac sphincter once the bolus reaches the stomach in order to prevent _________ (the process of bringing swallowed food or liquids back up into the mouth)

A

regurgitation

47
Q

What phase of the swallowing process do you have “voluntary” control?
___________

A

Oral (or buccal) phase (because it involves the voluntary actions of chewing)

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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