Lecture 6 Flashcards
Functions of circulator system: Blood
1. ______________: O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells
2. _____________: inflammation, limit spread of infection, destroy microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralize toxins, and initiate clotting
3. _____________: fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and temp. control
- Transport
- Protection
- Regulation
Components and General Properties of Blood:
- Plasma: _______ of blood
-clear, light yellow fluid
- Formed elements: ___________,__________, and ____________ (which are cell fragments)
- matrix
- red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
The formed elements of blood:
- _____________: red blood cells (RBCs) (___% of formed elements)
- ____________: fragments of certain bone marrow cells
- ____________: white blood cells (WBCs)
-three types of WBCs classified as ____________
1.
2.
3.
-two types of WBCs classified a _____________
1.
2.
- erythrocytes; 99%
- platelets
- leukocytes-granulocytes
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils-agranulocytes
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
_____________ blood to separate components
- erythrocytes
-__________ and settle first
-____%-____% total volume
-_____________ (packed RBC volume) - White blood cells and platelets
-___% total volume
-________ ________ - Plasma
-____%-____%
-complex mixture of water, ________, nutrients, wastes, ____________, and gases
centrifuge
-heaviest
-37%-52%
-hematocrit
-1%
-buffy coat
-47%-63%
-proteins; hormones
Plasma Components
- blood plasma: liquid portion of blood (w/ no formed elements)
- serum: remaining fluid when blood clots and solids are removed
-identical to plasma except for the absence of _____________ - Plasma proteins (blood __________)
-________,________,_________
-plasma proteins are formed by _________
-except __________ (produced by plasma cells) - Nitrogenous compounds
-free _____ _______ from dietary protein or tissue breakdown
-nitrogenous wastes (_____)
-normally removed by the _____________ - Nutrients
-glucose, vitamins, fats, cholesterol, phospholipids, and minerals - Dissolved ___,______, and ________
-_____________ (blood osmolarity)
-_____ makes up 90% of plasma cations
-fibrinogen
- osmolarity
-albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
-liver
-globulins
-amino acids
-urea
-kidneys
- O2; CO2; nitrogen
- Electrolytes
-Na+
- ________________: production of blood, especially its formed elements
- Daily adult production:
-___________platelets
-_______ to ______ _______ RBCs
-________ ________ WBCs (may see increase if you have a bacterial infection)
- Hematopoiesis
-400 billion
-100 to 200 billion
-10 billion
Hematopoietic tissues
- Yolk sac produces ______ cells for first blood cells
-colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen, thymus
- liver stops producing blood cells at ________
- Spleen remains involved with __________ production
- stem
- birth
- lymphocyte
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
- ___________ stem cells in ______ ________
-give rise to all ________ _________
-also called ____________ stem cells (PPSC), ______________ or hematopoietic stem cells
- Multiply in order to:
-maintain their ____________ in the ______ ________
-form _______-__________ units (CFUs)
-more specialized cells.
-each CFU produces one class of formed elements
- multipotent; bone marrow
-formed elements
-pluripotent; hemocytoblast- population; bone marrow
-colony-forming units
- population; bone marrow
Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell produces ______________ and ______________
- _______________ produces megakaryocytic, erythrocyte, mast cell, and myeloblast
-myeloblast produces: ____________, ___________,__________, and ___________ - _______________ produces small lymphocyte and large granular lymphocyte (natural killer cell)
common myeloid progenitor; common lymphoid progenitor
- common myeloid progenitor
-basophil; neutrophil; eosinophil; monocyte - common lymphoid progenitor
Erythrocytes
- principal function is _______ transport:
-carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
-insufficient RBCs can cause death within __________
-also contribute to ______ transport- very SMALL amount
- gas
-minutes
-CO2
RBCs are _______ cells with a ___________ shape
- _______ um diameter and _____ um thick at rim
- lose nearly all _________ during development
-lack __________
-__________ ___________ to produce ATP
-lack _______ and _______–> no protein synthesis or __________
discoid; biconcave
- 7.5; 2.0
- organelles
-mitochondria
-anaerobic fermentation
-nucleus; DNA; mitosis
Gas transport
- major function of blood
- RBCs have high surface area/volume ratio
- due to loss of organelles during maturation–> ___________ diffusion rate of substances
- ____-% of cytoplasm is __________
- ______ million hemoglobin molecules in one RBC
- Hemoglobin facilitates _____ delivery to tissue
- also enhances _____ transport to lungs
- _____________ in cytoplasm: produces _________ _______ from CO2 and water
-important role in gas transport and _____ balance
- increases
- 33%; hemoglobin
- 280
- O2
- CO2
- Carbonic anhydrase (CAH); carbonic acid
-pH
Hemoglobin
- Each hemoglobin (Hb) protein consists of:
-_________ polypeptide subunits (__________)
-Adult Hb has two ______ and two ______ chains
-Fetal Hb has two ______ and two ______ chains
-__________ bind small amount of CO2 (5% of CO2 in blood), not _________
- ______ heme groups (4 ______) binding sites
-four (globins)
-alpha; beta
-alpha; gamma
-Globins; heme
-four; O2
Heme groups
- _________ moiety
- ________ ______ at center binds O2
-_______ O2 binding sites per Hb
- nonprotein
- ferrous iron (Fe)
-four
Measure of blood’s O2 carrying ability:
- Hematocrit (packed cell volume)
-percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs
-Men: ____% to ____% cells
-___________ stimulate RBC production
-Women: ______% to _____%
-lower due to blood loss w/_____________
- Hemoglobin of whole blood; RBC count
-Men: ____ to ____ g/dL; 4.6-6.2E6 cells/uL
-Women: _____ to _____ g/dL; 4.2-5.4E6 cells/uL
- 42%-52%
-adrogens - 36%-48%
-menstruation
-13 to 18
-12 to 16
Erythrocyte Production- ____ to ____ days
- Normal conditions: production=______________
Stages
1. ____________ stem cell
2. Colony-forming unit: contains _______ receptors
3. Precursor cells: ____________ —> ______________
4. Mature red blood cells= ________________
- _________ RBCs are produced per second
- During development
-reduction in cell ______
-increase in cell __________
-synthesis of ____________
-loss of _________ & other ____________
3 to 5 days
- destruction
- Hematopoietic
- EPO
- erythroblasts–> reticulocytes
- erythrocytes
- 1 million
-size
-numbers
-hemoglobin
-nucleus; organelles
Causes of Hypoxemia (inadequate O2 transport):
- ________ loss/low _______
- high __________
- increase ____________
- loss of ______ tissue (_________); loop ineffective with this
- blood; RBCs
- altitude
- exercise
- lung; emphysema
Correction of Hypoxemia by a Negative Feedback Loop:
1. Hypoxemia
2. Sensed by _________ and __________
3. Secretion of ________________
4. Stimulation of _______ ________ __________
5. Accelerated _________________
6. Increased _______ count
7. Increased O2 transport
- liver; kidneys
- erythropoietin
- red bone morrow
- erythropoiesis
- RBC
Formation & Destruction of RBC- Recycling of Hb
RBC lasts for about ______ days
1. RBC death and phagocytosis by __________
2. RBCs broken down into ______ and _________
3. _________ broken down into amino acids and _________ out into the blood stream and get used for ________ synthesis elsewhere
4. Macrophage separates _______ from heme group
5. Iron doesn’t travel very well in the water so ____________ (plasma protein) transports it to the _________
6. Iron atoms will get reduced to __________
7. This will then get hooked to transferrin which takes it back to _______ _______ ________ in order to be used to make more hemoglobin in new RBCs that are produced
8. Rest of heme group is converted into __________ (green pigment) and the macrophage converts that into __________ (yellow pigment)
9. This gets transferred to the ________ which secretes it into ______
10. Bile goes to _______ intestine where there are bacteria that converts bilirubin into ___________ (yellowish pigment)
11. Some of that will go to __________ and become __________ which makes urine yellowish in color
12. Rest of urobilinogen will be converted to __________ (brown pigmentation) which gives feces its brown color
120
1. macrophage
2. heme; globin
3. globin; secreted; protein
4. Fe 2+ (iron)
5. transferrin; liver
6. Ferritin
7. red bone marrow
8. Biliverdin; bilirubin
9. liver; bile
10. small; urobilinogen
11. kidneys; urobilin
12. stercobilin
Blood Types
- Blood types and transfusion compatibility are a matter of interactions between surface ____________/____________ on RBCs and plasma ___________
- _______________: complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that elicit an immune response
-they are genetically unique to the individual
-used to distinguish _______ from _____-______ (foreign matter)
-also called __________________
- glycoproteins/glycolipids; proteins
- Antigens
-self; non-self
-agglutinogens
Your ABO blood type is determined by presence or absence of ________ on RBCs
- Type A= _____ antigens (has ______ antibodies)
- Type B= _____ antigens (has _______ antibodies)
- Type AB= ______ antigens (has ______ antibodies)
-_________
- Type O= ______ antigens (has _______ antibodies)
-________
antigens
- A; B
- B; A
- A&B; no
-rarest
- no; A&B
-most common
Chemical Basis of the ABO Blood Types
- Type O= __________,___________,________
- Type A= (_______) ________, __________, __________
- Type B= ___________, (_______)__________,__________
- Type AB= (______) _________, and (_____) ________, __________
- N-acetylgalactosamine; galactose; fucose
- (extra) N-acetylgalactosamine; galactose; fucose
- N-acetylgalactosamine; (extra) galactose; fucose
- (extra) N-acetylgalactosamine; (extra) galactose; fucose
Agglutination of Erythrocytes
- _____________ (aka __________): proteins (gamma globulins) secreted by _________ cells
-part of immune response to foreign matter
-bind to _______ and mark them for destruction
-cause transfusion mismatch
- Agglutination is _______ clotting/coagulation
-__________ of red blood cells
-caused by antibodies binding to antigens
- antibodies (agglutinins); plasma
-antigens - NOT
-clumping
Types of Antibodies
- simple, monomer= ______,________,_______–> can bind 2 antigens at once
- middle= __________ can bind 2, 4, or 6 antigens
- complex, ________= _________–> can bind 10 different antigens at once
- IgG; IgE; IgD (one antibody)
- IgA (one antibody, 2 antibodies, or 3 antibodies together)
- pentamer; IgM (five antibodies together)
