Lecture 10 Flashcards
All body processes directly or indirectly require ATP
- Most ATP synthesis requires _________ and produces ______________
- This drives the need to __________
-taking in ________
-eliminating __________
- oxygen; carbon dioxide
- breathe
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
Functions of the Respiratory System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
- gas exchange
- Communication
- Olfaction
- Acid-Base balance
- Blood pressure regulation (ACE- angiotensin converting enzyme)
- Blood and lymph flow (thoracic pump)
- Platelet production (more than 1/2 produced by megakaro’s in the lungs)
- Blood filtration (of small blood clots)
- Expulsion of abdominal contents
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Principal Organs:
- ___________
- ___________
- ___________
- ___________
- ___________
- ___________
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
Organs of upper respiratory tract (in the ______ and _______)
1.
2.
3.
head; neck
1. nose
2. pharynx
3. larynx
Organs of the lower respiratory tract (in the ________ _________)
1.
2.
3.
4.
thoracic cavity
1. trachea
2. lungs
3. bronchi
4. alveoli
___________ zone of respiratory system
- includes those passages that serve only for ______
- NO gas exchange
- _________ through major _____________
_______________ zone of the respiratory system
- consists of ________ and other gas exchange regions
Conducting
- airflow
- nostrils; bronchioles (passages are too thick for adequate diffusion)
Respiratory
- alveoli
The Trachea
- also called the __________
- ___________ to esophagus
- supported by ___________ cartilage
- lined by _____________ ___________ epithelium
- ________-________ ________ cells
- windpipe
- anterior
- hyaline
- pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
- mucous-secreting goblet
- The larynx consists of ________ cartilage and inferior to that is ______ cartilage (full ring)
- the trachea consists of __________ cartilage in half circle rings; __________ is in between both ends of the ring
- the trachea also has a _________ __________ where debris can be pushed up to the pharynx
- thyroid; cricoid
- hyaline; trachealis
- mucociliary escalator
Bronchi
- lined by _________ _________ epithelium (_______)
- ________-___________
- _________ __________ layer to constrict and dilate airway
Bronchioles
- lined by _________ _________ epithelium
- _________ __________
Terminal Bronchioles (#_________)
- no _________
- have _______
- pseudostratified columnar (ciliated)
- mucous-secreting
- smooth muscle
- ciliated cuboidal
- smooth muscle
- 65,000
- mucus
- cilia
Cells of the Alveolus
- ____________(________) alveolar cells: cover ____% of alveolar surface area
- ___________(________) alveolar cells: secrete _________; core ___% of alveolar surface
- alveolar ___________ (____ cells): most __________ cells in the lungs
- squamous (type I); 95
- great (type II); surfactant; 5
- macrophages (dust); numerous
Alveolar Pressure/Exchange
- _______ in lungs can be fatal
-gasses would diffuse too slowly to aerate blood
- To prevent _______ accumulation:
-alveoli kept dry by _____ pressure in __________ end capillaries–10 mmHg (30mmHg in other tissues)
-___________ overrides __________, no excess fluid in capillary
- ________ have more extensive lymphatic drainage than any other organ in the body
- fluid
- fluid
-low; arteriole
-reabsorption; filtration - lungs
_____________: thin barrier between alveolar air and blood
- Consists of three layers:
1.
2.
3.
- ____ um thick (1/15 diameter of RBC)
Respiratory membrane
1. squamous alveolar cells
2. endothelial cells of blood capillary
3. their shared basement membrane
- 0.5
The Pleurae
- ___________ pleura: serous membrane (touches the lungs)
- __________ pleura: adheres to mediastinum
- ___________ ________: potential space; contains a film of slippery pleural fluid
- visceral
- parietal
- pleural cavity
Breathing= ________________
- ___________ (inhaling)
- ___________ (exhaling)
- ___________ _______ one complete cycle of inhaling and exhaling
- ______ ____________: breathing while at rest, effortless, and ________
- ________ __________: deep, rapid breathing, such as during _________
pulmonary ventilation
- inspiration
- expiration
- respiratory cycle
- quiet respiration; automatic
- forced respiration; exercise
The Respiratory Muscles
During inspiration:
- _______ __________ (elevate ribs __-___, _____ thoracic cavity)
- ______________ (________ and ______; ________ depth of thoracic cavity)
During FORCED expiration:
- ____________ _________ (depress ribs __-____, _______ thoracic cavity)
- _____________ (________ and ______; ________ depth of thoracic cavity )
- external intercostals (2-12; widen)
- diaphragm (descends; flattens; increasing)
- internal intercostals (1-11; narrow)
- diaphragm (ascend; round; decreasing)
__________ ___________: breathing technique used to help expel contents of certain ________ organs
- depression of the ________ raises abdominal pressure
- consists of taking a deep breath ___, holding it by closing the ______, and then contracting the __________ muscles
-aids in ________, __________, _________, ________
valsalva maneuver; abdominal
- diaphragm
- IN; glottis; abdominal
-childbirth; urination; defecation; vomiting
Neural control of Breathing
- Breathing depends on repetitive stimulation of _______ ________ from brain and will cease if spinal cord is severed high in _______
- Breathing is controlled at two levels of the brain
1. ________ and _________
2. _________ and _________
- skeletal muscle; neck
1. cerebral; conscious
2. unconscious; automatic
Respiratory Control Centers in the CNS
- ___________________: primary generator of the respiratory rhythm
-produces a respiratory rhythm of ____ breaths per minute
-___________________: modifies the rate and depth of breathing
-receives influences from _________ sources
-____________________: modifies ryhtym
-adapts to ______, _______, _________…..
- ventral respiratory group (VRG)
-12 - dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
-external - Pons (pontine) respiratory group (PRG)
-sleep; emotion; exercise
_______ __________ ________: brainstem neurons that respond to changes in pH of cerebrospinal fluid
- regulate respiration to maintain stable pH
central chemoreceptor neurons
Respiratory Control
Also supplying sensory input to respiratory centers are……
- _____________ ___________ (carotid bodies; aortic bodies): respond to O2 and CO2 content of blood
- ___________ ___________ in smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles and in visceral pleura that respond to inflation of the lungs
- __________ __________ nerve endings amid epithelial cells in the airway
- peripheral chemoreceptors
- stretch receptors
- irritant receptors
_____________: anxiety-triggered state in which breathing is so rapid that it expels _____ from the body faster than it is produces
- as blood ______ levels drop, the pH ______ causing the cerebral arteries to ________
- this reduces cerebral __________ which may cause dizziness or fainting
- can be brought under control by having the person rebreathe the expired ______ from a paper bag
hyperventilation; CO2
- CO2; rises; constrict
- perfusion
- CO2
Voluntary control over breathing originates in the ______ ______ of the _______ lobe of the cerebrum
- sends impulses down the ____________ tracts to respiratory neurons in spinal cord, bypassing brainstem
Limits to voluntary control
- breaking point: when _____ levels rise to a point where ___________ control override one’s will
motor cortex; frontal
- corticospinal
- CO2; automatic
