Lecture 21 Flashcards
- ________: the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth
- digestion: it is a _______ process that breaks down large food molecules to ________
- nutrition
- catabolic; monomers
Digestion:
building blocks (monomers) of…
- carbohydrate=
- proteins=
- lipids=
- nucleic acids=
- monosaccharide
- amino acids
- fatty acid + glycerol
- nucleotide
- _________: the process of moving substance from the lumen of the gut into the body
- Metabolism: the sum of all ________ _________ in the body
1. __________: all reactions that BUILD larger molecules or structure from smaller ones–> _______ energy
- __________: all processes that BREAK down complex structures to simpler ones -> __________ energy
- absorption
- biochemical reactions
1. Anabolism; requires
2. Catabolism; releases
- _________: a substance in food the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair
- ____________: those that are inadequately synthesized by body cells and must be INGESTED in the diet
- nutrients
- essential nutrients
6 Major Nutrient Categories
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- Carbs
- Protein
- Fats
- Water
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- ____nutrients: must be consumed in relatively large quantities
-supply ______ and are used as building blocks
1.
2.
3. - ____nutrients: only small quantities are required
-play role in various physiological processes, but they do not provide energy directly
1.
2.
- MACRO
-energy
1. Carbs
2. Proteins
3. Fats - MICRO
1. Vitamins
2. Minerals
- ___________: it indicates the proportion of total daily calories that come from a specific nutrient
- How much of your daily caloric intake should be deducted to…
- Carbohydrates=
- Proteins=
- Fats=
- Saturated fats=
- percent (%) of daily caloric intake
- 45-65%
- 10-35%
- 20-35%
- ≤ 10%
1 _______(__) is the amount of heat (energy) needed to raise the temperature of ____ gram of water by ____ °C
calorie (c); 1; 1
__________ calories (c) = 1 ________ (___) = 1 __________(_____
- ________(__)= on food labels
- _________(___)= in biochemistry and physiology
1000; Calorie (C); kilocalorie (kcal)
- Calorie (C)
- kilocalorie (kcal)
In the realm of food…
- Calories are units representing the ability of _____ to be converted by the body into _______
- FOOD; energy
Three nutrients that provide energy:
1.
2.
3.
- they are measured by the _________
- This measurement represents the amount of _______ released when they undergo metabolic processes in the body
- Carbs
- Proteins
- Fats
- calories
- energy
How many calories are produced when one gram of….. are fully oxidizes in our body?
- Carbohydrates=
- Proteins=
- Fats=
- 4 kcal/g
- 4 kcal/g
- 9 kcal/g
__________ are calories that contribute to your total caloric intake but supply little or no nutritional value
- e.g. _____ (7.1 kcal/g) and _________ promote malnutrition; they _______ the appetite but fail to provide other nutrients
empty calories
- alcohol; sugary foods; suppress
Types of water soluble vitamins
1
2
Types of lipid soluble vitamins
1
2
3
4
- which to the two vitamin groups, has a higher risk of accumulating in your body until reaching toxic levels?
- Vitamin B
- Vitamin C
______________ - Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- fat soluble vitamins; because they are stored in the body (dissolved in fat and can accumulate)
Water soluble vitamins are not accumulated in the body in large amounts because…
excess amounts are readily excreted though urine
Vitamin B12 requires ______________ to be absorbed in the intestines
- secreted by ______ cells in the stomach
intrinsic factor
- parietal
Most iron in our diet is in the ________ form (Fe3+)
A. to be absorbed, it must be in the ______ (Fe2+) form or bound by heme
B. This form can be achieved in the ________ by low pH of gastric acid which weakens ______ iron has with other food molecules and by the enzyme ______________
C. Which transporter does iron use to enter inside the enterocyte? ______________
- ferric
A. ferrous
B. duodenum; bonds; ferric reductase
C. Divalent Metal Cation Transporter 1 (DMT 1)
_________: transports iron out of cells and into the bloodstream
- primarily found on the surface of _________ in the small intestine and __________ in the reticuloendothelial system
ferroportin
- enterocytes; macrophages
__________ is a protein responsible for transporting iron in the bloodstream
- it binds to iron and carries it throughout the body, delivering it to cells that need it for various functions, including
- ___________ synthesis in red bone marrow
- ____________ synthesis in the muscle
transferrin
- hemoglobin
- myoglobin
________ RBCs are phagocytized by ____ ____________, releasing iron from hemoglobin through ________ and back into the bloodstream for transport to other tissues and organs via the protein ___________
senescent; RES macrophages; ferroportin; transferrin
____________ is a protein found in cells (mostly in _____ and _________) that serves as the primary intracellular ______ form of iron in the body
Ferritin; liver; macrophages; storage
- iron is stored in cells primarily through binding to the protein ________
- the _______ is the organ that represents the primary storage site of iron
- ferritin
- liver
- ___________ is a peptide hormone produced by the ______ that regulates iron absorption and mobilization
- main objective is to _______ levels of iron in the blood
- hepcidin; liver
- DECREASE
Hepcidin decreases blood levels of iron by….
1. inhibiting the iron absorption from the ________
2. inhibiting the iron _______ from ______ RBCs
3. inhibiting the iron release from _________ and _________
- hepcidin achieves this goal by binding to ______________ which triggers internalization and degradation of this, therefore _______ the export of iron from cells into the bloodstream
- intestine (enterocyte)
- recycling; senescent
- hepatocytes; macrophages
- ferroportin; reducing
