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BIOL 204 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q
  • ________: the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth
  • digestion: it is a _______ process that breaks down large food molecules to ________
A
  • nutrition
  • catabolic; monomers
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2
Q

Digestion:
building blocks (monomers) of…
- carbohydrate=
- proteins=
- lipids=
- nucleic acids=

A
  • monosaccharide
  • amino acids
  • fatty acid + glycerol
  • nucleotide
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3
Q
  • _________: the process of moving substance from the lumen of the gut into the body
  • Metabolism: the sum of all ________ _________ in the body
    1. __________: all reactions that BUILD larger molecules or structure from smaller ones–> _______ energy
  1. __________: all processes that BREAK down complex structures to simpler ones -> __________ energy
A
  • absorption
  • biochemical reactions
    1. Anabolism; requires
    2. Catabolism; releases
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4
Q
  • _________: a substance in food the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair
  • ____________: those that are inadequately synthesized by body cells and must be INGESTED in the diet
A
  • nutrients
  • essential nutrients
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5
Q

6 Major Nutrient Categories
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Protein
  3. Fats
  4. Water
  5. Vitamins
  6. Minerals
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6
Q
  • ____nutrients: must be consumed in relatively large quantities
    -supply ______ and are used as building blocks
    1.
    2.
    3.
  • ____nutrients: only small quantities are required
    -play role in various physiological processes, but they do not provide energy directly
    1.
    2.
A
  • MACRO
    -energy
    1. Carbs
    2. Proteins
    3. Fats
  • MICRO
    1. Vitamins
    2. Minerals
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7
Q
  • ___________: it indicates the proportion of total daily calories that come from a specific nutrient
  • How much of your daily caloric intake should be deducted to…
  • Carbohydrates=
  • Proteins=
  • Fats=
  • Saturated fats=
A
  • percent (%) of daily caloric intake
  • 45-65%
  • 10-35%
  • 20-35%
  • ≤ 10%
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8
Q

1 _______(__) is the amount of heat (energy) needed to raise the temperature of ____ gram of water by ____ °C

A

calorie (c); 1; 1

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9
Q

__________ calories (c) = 1 ________ (___) = 1 __________(_____

  • ________(__)= on food labels
  • _________(___)= in biochemistry and physiology
A

1000; Calorie (C); kilocalorie (kcal)
- Calorie (C)
- kilocalorie (kcal)

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10
Q

In the realm of food…
- Calories are units representing the ability of _____ to be converted by the body into _______

A
  • FOOD; energy
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11
Q

Three nutrients that provide energy:
1.
2.
3.
- they are measured by the _________
- This measurement represents the amount of _______ released when they undergo metabolic processes in the body

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Proteins
  3. Fats
    - calories
    - energy
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12
Q

How many calories are produced when one gram of….. are fully oxidizes in our body?
- Carbohydrates=
- Proteins=
- Fats=

A
  • 4 kcal/g
  • 4 kcal/g
  • 9 kcal/g
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13
Q

__________ are calories that contribute to your total caloric intake but supply little or no nutritional value
- e.g. _____ (7.1 kcal/g) and _________ promote malnutrition; they _______ the appetite but fail to provide other nutrients

A

empty calories
- alcohol; sugary foods; suppress

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14
Q

Types of water soluble vitamins
1
2
Types of lipid soluble vitamins
1
2
3
4

  • which to the two vitamin groups, has a higher risk of accumulating in your body until reaching toxic levels?
A
  1. Vitamin B
  2. Vitamin C
    ______________
  3. Vitamin A
  4. Vitamin D
  5. Vitamin E
  6. Vitamin K
  • fat soluble vitamins; because they are stored in the body (dissolved in fat and can accumulate)
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15
Q

Water soluble vitamins are not accumulated in the body in large amounts because…

A

excess amounts are readily excreted though urine

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16
Q

Vitamin B12 requires ______________ to be absorbed in the intestines
- secreted by ______ cells in the stomach

A

intrinsic factor
- parietal

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17
Q

Most iron in our diet is in the ________ form (Fe3+)
A. to be absorbed, it must be in the ______ (Fe2+) form or bound by heme
B. This form can be achieved in the ________ by low pH of gastric acid which weakens ______ iron has with other food molecules and by the enzyme ______________
C. Which transporter does iron use to enter inside the enterocyte? ______________

A
  • ferric
    A. ferrous
    B. duodenum; bonds; ferric reductase
    C. Divalent Metal Cation Transporter 1 (DMT 1)
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18
Q

_________: transports iron out of cells and into the bloodstream
- primarily found on the surface of _________ in the small intestine and __________ in the reticuloendothelial system

A

ferroportin
- enterocytes; macrophages

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19
Q

__________ is a protein responsible for transporting iron in the bloodstream
- it binds to iron and carries it throughout the body, delivering it to cells that need it for various functions, including
- ___________ synthesis in red bone marrow
- ____________ synthesis in the muscle

A

transferrin
- hemoglobin
- myoglobin

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20
Q

________ RBCs are phagocytized by ____ ____________, releasing iron from hemoglobin through ________ and back into the bloodstream for transport to other tissues and organs via the protein ___________

A

senescent; RES macrophages; ferroportin; transferrin

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21
Q

____________ is a protein found in cells (mostly in _____ and _________) that serves as the primary intracellular ______ form of iron in the body

A

Ferritin; liver; macrophages; storage

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22
Q
  • iron is stored in cells primarily through binding to the protein ________
  • the _______ is the organ that represents the primary storage site of iron
A
  • ferritin
  • liver
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23
Q
  • ___________ is a peptide hormone produced by the ______ that regulates iron absorption and mobilization
  • main objective is to _______ levels of iron in the blood
A
  • hepcidin; liver
  • DECREASE
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24
Q

Hepcidin decreases blood levels of iron by….
1. inhibiting the iron absorption from the ________
2. inhibiting the iron _______ from ______ RBCs
3. inhibiting the iron release from _________ and _________
- hepcidin achieves this goal by binding to ______________ which triggers internalization and degradation of this, therefore _______ the export of iron from cells into the bloodstream

A
  1. intestine (enterocyte)
  2. recycling; senescent
  3. hepatocytes; macrophages
    - ferroportin; reducing
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25
Q

If blood iron levels increase… this would result in an _________ of hepcidin production by the liver

A

INCREASE
- bc hepcidin acts as a negative regulator of iron absorption and release

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26
Q

An increase in RBCs would result a _____________ in hepcidin production by the liver

A

decrease (we iron availability in order to produce hemoglobin for those new RBCs)

27
Q
  • Two primary organs of carbohydrate digestion=
    1.
    2.
  • carbohydrate digestion begins in the ________ with the action of ____________
A
  1. Mouth (oral cavity)
  2. Small intestine
    - mouth; salivary amylase
28
Q
  • ____________ a complex carbohydrate molecules composed of multiple sugar units bonded together
  • _________ _________ is found in saliva and is responsible for breaking down these
A
  • polysaccharides
  • salivary amylase
29
Q

Carbohydrate digestion does _____ continue in the stomach even though the bolus from your mouth contains some salivary amylase because the ____ pH in the stomach ________ it

A

NOT; low (acidic); inactivates

30
Q

The amylase in your small intestine is primarily secreted by the ________

A

pancreas

31
Q

Two brush border enzymes that act on olgiosaccharides composed of more than ___ simple sugars
1.
2.

A

THREE
1. Dextrinase
2. Glucoamylase

32
Q

___________: enzymes responsible for breaking down disaccharides (double sugar molecules) into ___________, which are single sugar molecules
3 types:
1.
2.
3.
- primarily found in the microvilli (__________ membrane) of the epithelial cells lining the ______________

A

disaccharidases;monosaccharides
1. Maltase
2. Sucrase
3. Lactase
- brush border; small intestine

33
Q

Absorption of monosaccharides occurs only in the ______________ which they get absorbed into the __________

A

small intestine; bloodstream

34
Q

The primary function of cellular respiration is to generate _____, which serves as the main ________ currency of the cell, by breaking down ________ and other organic molecules in the presence of _________

A

ATP; energy; glucose; oxygen

35
Q

Equation representing the process of AEROBIC glucose respiration:

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 Oxygen (6O2) —> 6 Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + 6 Water (H2O) + Energy (in the form of ATP)

36
Q

For each glucose molecule ___________ to carbon dioxide and water, there is a net gain ____ ATP

A

oxidized; 32

37
Q

Three consecutive pathways of glucose aerobic respiration
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)
  3. Electron Transport Chain
38
Q

ATP is ______ a storage molecule for chemical energy; that is the job of ____________ and _____; When energy is needed by the cell, it is converted from storage molecules into ______

A

NOT; carbohydrates and fats; ATP

39
Q

In glucose oxidation, NADH and FADH2 serve as _________ that accept and carry high-energy ________ during the process of cellular respiration. They transfer these _________ to the ___________, where they participate in generating a ____________ gradient that drives ______ synthesis

A

coenzymes; electrons; electrons; electron transport chain; proton; ATP

40
Q

Staring and end products of GLYCOLYSIS
- starting=
- end=

A
  • Glucose (six-carbon sugar molecule)
  • 2 pyruvate molecules
41
Q
  • ____ pyruvate are obtained per molecule of glucose being oxidized in glycolysis
  • in ABSENCE of oxygen, the pathway that pyruvic acid enters is _____________
  • In the PRESENCE of oxygen, pyruvate enters the __________ where it undergoes further oxidation in the presence of oxygen. This process involves the conversion of private to __________, which enters the ____________ (aka _________)
A
  • 2
  • anaerobic fermentation
  • mitochondria; acetyl CoA; citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
42
Q

Pyruvate converts into _________ in order to enter the citric acid cycle (aka _________)

A

Acetyl CoA; Krebs cycle

43
Q

In the Citric Acid Cycle
- Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce ________,_______,_______, and ______ in the _______________
- It involves a series of enzymatic reactions that result in the complete oxidation of acetyl-coa derived from _______ (from glucose) and other fuel molecules

A
  • carbon dioxide; NADH; FADH2; ATP; mitochondrial matrix
  • pyruvate
44
Q
  • What is the final pathway to produce ATP in glucose metabolism? __________ and __________
  • What ion gradient is used to make ATP? _______ gradient, created across the ______ mitochondrial membrane during electron transport chain reactions
A
  • electron transport; oxidative phosphorylation
  • proton; inner
45
Q

_________ is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the ________ of almost all cells and involves the break down of ________ into ___ pyruvates

A

Glycolysis; cytoplasm; glucose; 2

46
Q
  • _____________: making NEW glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (such as aa, lactate, glycerol)
    -takes place mostly in the ______ & ______
    -occurs under conditions when blood sugar levels are _____, such as during _______, ________, low _____ diets, and ________
A
  • gluconeogenesis; liver; kidneys
  • LOW; fasting; starvation; carb; intense
47
Q
  • ______________: process by which glucose molecules are polymerized and stored as glycogen in _____ and _____ cells
    -this process occurs when blood glucose levels are ______, typically after a meal
A
  • glycogenesis; liver; muscle
  • HIGH
48
Q
  • ___________: the breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules
    -this process occurs when blood glucose levels are ______ and the body requires additional glucose to meet its energy needs
A
  • glycogenolysis
    -LOW
49
Q

Enzymes that act on proteins= _________ or _______
- ________ is the enzyme that imitates the digestion of proteins located in the _______

A

peptidases; proteases
- Pepsin; stomach

50
Q

Three brush border enzymes responsible for protein digestion
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Carboxypeptidase
  2. Aminopeptidase
  3. Dipeptidase
51
Q

Dipeptidase in the brush border of eptihlial cells in the small intestine…

A

split dipeptides into separate AAs

52
Q

____________: action of brush border enzymes, final stages of digestion occurs when the luminal contents come into contact with the epithelial cells lining the intestine

A

contact digestion

53
Q
  • Brush border enzymes are located on the _________ of the enterocytes (embedded in the ________ ________ )
A
  • microvilli; plasma membrane
54
Q
  • nitrogen balance: state in which rate of N _______= rate of N ____________
  • __________ are our chief dietary source of nitrogen
A
  • ingestion; excretion
  • proteins
55
Q
  • __________ nitrogen balance occurs when the intake of nitrogen exceeds the excretion
  • _________ nitrogen balance occurs when the excretion of nitrogen exceeds intake
A
  • positive
  • negative
56
Q

Negative nitrogen balance indicates:
- _________ dietary protein intake
- ________ protein breakdown (sic as during prolonged ______ or certain medical conditions)
- _________ loss of nitrogen through urine
- tends to be associated with ______ ______ (muscle proteins are more easily broken down than others)

A
  • inadequate
  • increased; fasting
  • increased
  • muscle atrophy
57
Q

Positive nitrogen balance indicates:
- ________ retaining of nitrogen than It is excreting
- associated with periods of ________, recovery from _______ or _____, and ________

A
  • MORE
  • growth; illness; injury; pregnancy (we need additional protein for tissue synthesis or muscle growth/organ development)
58
Q

Three stages involved in the amino acid catabolic pathway for ENERGY
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Transamination
  2. Oxidative deamination
  3. Keto-acid modification
59
Q
  • the body gets rid of the amino group of the amino acids by transferring it to ___________
  • this reaction name is ______________
A
  • alpa-ketoglutaric acid
  • transamination
60
Q

Urea is produced in the body through the ______________ stage
- the amino group of _________ acid is removed as ________ and combined with ____ to form urea during the urea cycle

A

oxidative deamination
- glutamic; ammonia; CO2

61
Q

During keto acid modification step
- after the _____ group is removed, the remainder of the molecule is called a alpha-______ acid
- the _____ acid may be converted to _______, ________ or intermediates of the ________________

A
  • amino (NH2); keto
  • keto; pyruvate; acetyl-CoA; citric acid cycle
62
Q

Is it possible to derive energy from proteins? _____
- the goal of ___________ stage is to enable AAs to contribute to _______ production and ________ pathways beyond protein synthesis

A

YES
- keto acid modification; energy; metabolic

63
Q
  • name of this function group: -NH2= _________
  • transamination is the _____ step in using AA as fuel to deaminate them (= remove _____ ______)
A
  • amino group
  • FIRST; amino group
64
Q

Which AA is involved int he transamination reactions that transfer amino group between amino acids and keto acids? __________

A

glutamte

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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