Lecture 8

Question 1

____________: biologic agent capable of producing disease
-include viruses, bacteria, and fungi

Answer 1

pathogen

Question 2

Immunity= 3 lines of defense against pathogens
1.
2. ____________: leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, NKCs, inflammation, and fever
3. ____________: defeats a pathogen and leaves the body with a “memory” of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

• ______ immunity= ___ & ____
• ___________ immunity= ___

Answer 2

1. Skin and mucous membranes
2. Innate defense mechanisms
3. Adaptive immunity

• innate= 1 & 2
• adaptive= 3

Question 3

Innate Immunity:
- innate defenses: guard equally against a ______ ________ of pathogens

• Characteristics of Innate Immunity
  1.
  2.
  3.
• 3 types of innate defenses
  1.
  2.
  3.

Answer 3

• ## broad range
  1. Local
  2. Nonspecific
  3. Lacks memory

-
1. Protective cells
2. Protective proteins
3. Protective processes

Question 4

__________ immunity: body must develop separate immunity to each pathogen
- body adapts to a pathogen and wards it off more easily upon future exposure (memory)

Answer 4

adaptive

Question 5

1. External Barriers: SKIN
   - makes it ____________ difficult for microorganisms to enter the body
   - toughness of _______
   - too dry and nutrient-poor for microbial growth
   - ____ ______: thin film of _____ and ____ ______ from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth
   - ________,________, and _________: _______ in the skin that kill microbes

Answer 5

• mechanically
• keratin
• acid mantle; lactic; fatty acids
• dermicidin; defensins; cathelicidins; peptides

Question 6

1. External Barrier: MUCOUS MEMBRANES
   - _________, ________, ________, and ____________ tract are open to the exterior and protected by mucous membranes
   -_________ physically traps microbes
   -_________: enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls

• Subepithelial ________ tissue
  -viscous barrier of _______ __________: makes it hard for pathogens to get through
  -________________: enzyme used by pathogens to make ___________ _____ less viscous so they can get through

Answer 6

• digestive; respiratory; urinary; reproductive
  -mucus
  -lysozyme
• areolar
  -hyaluronic acid
  -hyaluronidase; hyaluronic acid

Question 7

2. Innate Defense Mechanisms
   - ___________ cells
   - _____________ ________
   - _______________
   - _______________

Answer 7

• protective
• antimicrobial proteins
• fever
• inflammation

Question 8

Protective Cells: __________
- can kill using ________ and
____________
- can kill by producing a cloud of _______ _________
-lysosomes degranulate- discharge enzymes into tissue fluid causing a __________ ________
-creates a killing zone around cell, destroying several bacteria
-includes H2O2, HCLO, O2-

Answer 8

Neutrophils
- phagocytosis; digestion
- bactericidal chemicals
-respiratory burst

Question 9

Protective Cells: __________
- found especially in ________ ___________
- guard against ________, _______, and other pathogens
- kill __________ and __________ by producing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and _______ _______
- promote action of ________ and ______ cells
- phagocytize ______-________ complexes
- limit action of _________ and other inflammatory chemicals

Answer 9

Eosinophils
- mucous membranes
- parasites; allergens
- tapeworms; roundworms; toxic proteins
- basophils; mast
- antigen-antibody
- histamine

Question 10

Protective cells: ____________
- secrete chemicals that aid ________ and _______ of other leukocytes
- _____________: activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
- ___________: a vasodilator, which increase blood flow (speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area)
- ___________: inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility
- ________ cells also secrete these substances
-type of connective tissue cell very similar to basophils

Answer 10

Basophils
- mobility; action
- leukotrienes
- histamine
- heparin
- Mast

Question 11

Protective cells: ___________
- three basic categories: T, B, and NK cells
- Circulating blood contains
-_____% T cells
-_____% B cells
-_____% NK cells
- Many diverse functions
- ______ cells are apart of the innate immunity, all others are part of adaptive immunity; helper ___ cells function in both

Answer 11

Lymphocytes
- 80%
- 15%
- 5%
- NK; T

Question 12

Protective cells:
- ____________: emigrate from the blood into connective tissues and transform into. macrophages
- ___________ ___________: all the body’s avidly phagocytic cells, except leukocytes
- __________ macrophages
- __________ macrophages

Answer 12

• Monocytes
• macrophage system
  -wandering
  -fixed

Question 13

Wander macrophages: _______ seek pathogens
- widely distributed in _____ _______ ___________

Fixed macrophages: phagocytize only pathogens that _____ ____ ______
- ____________: in central nervous system
- ________ macrophages: in lungs
- ________ macrophages: in liver

Answer 13

actively
- loose connective tissue

come to them
- microglia
- alveolar
- stellate

Question 14

_______ __________: proteins that inhibit microbial___________ and provide short-term, _______ immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses
- two families
1.
2.

Answer 14

antimicrobial proteins; reproduction; innate
1. Interferons
2. Complement System

Question 15

Interferons
- secreted by certain cells _________ by ________
- of no benefit to the cell that secretes them
- ______ neighboring cells and _______ them from becoming infected
-bind to surface receptors on neighboring cell—> activate ________-________ systems within
- the alerted cells synthesizes various __________ that defend it from infection
-breaks down viral genes or prevents replication
- also activates ______ cells and ____________
-destroy infected cell before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated viruses
- Activated _____ cells destroy __________ cells

Answer 15

• infected; viruses
• alert; protect
  -second-messenger
• proteins
• NK; macrophages
• NK; malignant

Question 16

__________ __________: a group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity
- synthesized mainly by _____
- circulate in the blood in _________ form
- activated by presense of a pathogen

Answer 16

Complement system
- liver
- inactive

Question 17

Complement System
- 3 routes of Complement Activation: Active ____ & _____
1. ___________: _________ immunity
2. __________: __________
immunity
3. __________: ________ immunity

Answer 17

• C3a; C3b
  1. Classical pathway: adaptive
  2. Alternative pathway: innate
  3. Lectin pathway: innate

Question 18

Activated Complement for 4 Methods of Pathogen Destruction:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 18

1. Immune clearance
2. Phagocytosis
3. Cytolysis
4. Inflammation

Question 19

Complement Activation:
- Classical pathway (antibody-___________)
-______-_______ complexes form on pathogen surface
-reaction cascade (complement fixation

• Alternative pathway (antibody-________)
  -C3 dissociates into fragments ____ and _____
  -_____ bind to pathogen surface
  -reaction cascade and autocatalytic effect
• Lectin pathway (antibody-_________)
  -lectin bind to __________ on pathogen surface
  -reaction cascade

ALL pathways lead to….
C3 dissociates into ____ and _____ (activation of these proteins)

Answer 19

• dependent
  -antigen-antibody
• independent
  -C3a; C3b
  -C3b
• independent
  -carbohydrates

C3a; C3b

Question 20

C3a protein leads to _________
C3b proteins leads to __________,___________, and ___________

Answer 20

inflammation
immune clearance, phagocytosis, cytolysis

Question 21

Immune clearance: _______ protein
- Binds antigen-antibody complexes to _______
- complexes are transported to _______ and ______
- ______________ remove and degrade these complexes

Answer 21

C3b
- RBC
- liver; spleen
- phagocytes

Question 22

Phagocytosis: _____ protein
- _______ pathogens= __________

Answer 22

C3b
- tags; opsonization

Question 23

Cytolysis: _____ protein
- Splits C5 into ____ and ____
- _____ binds to other complements proteins
- forms a _____-like structure called ______ ________ _______
- these pores allow water & fluid to go inward and electrolytes can go out–> leads to cytolysis

Answer 23

C3b
- C5a; C5b
- pore; membrane attack complex

Question 24

Inflammation: ____ protein
- binds to ________ and _____ cells
- stimulates release of inflammatory chemicals
- stimulates ________ and ________ activity

Answer 24

C3a
- basophils; mast
- neutrophil; macrophage

Question 25

____________: fever-inducing molecules secreted into bloodstream

Answer 25

pyrogens

Question 26

- __________ pyrogens: secreted by pathogens - __________ pyrogens: secreted by immune cells - as they travel through the body they make their way to the _________ ---> ______ temperature from 97 to 100 (37-39)

Answer 26

- exogenous - endogenous - hypothalamus; increase

Question 27

The Course of a Fever 1. _________ and ________ secretion 2. _________ thermostat is reset to _______ set point 3. _______ (body temperature rises) 4. ___________ (body temperature oscillates around new set point) 5. __________ ends, set point returns to normal 6. _______________ (body temp returns to normal)

Answer 27

1. infection; pyrogen 2. hypothalamic; higher 3. onset 4. stadium 5. infection 6. Defervescence

Question 28

____________________: local defensive response to tissue injury, including trauma and infection - Four cardinal signs 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 28

inflammation 1. Redness 2. Swelling 3. Heat 4. Pain

Question 29

Three major processes of inflammation: 1. Mobilization of body _________ 2. Containments and destruction of __________ 3. Tissue _______ and _______ - ___________: small proteins that regulate inflammation and immunity -secreted mainly by ____________ -include interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, chemotactic factors, and others

Answer 29

1. defenses 2. pathogens 3. cleanup; repair - cytokines -leukocytes

Question 30

Basis of the four cardinal signs of inflammation - heat: results from __________ - redness: due to __________, and extravasated ______ in the tissue - swelling (edema): due to increased fluid _________ from the capillaries - pain: from direct injury to the _____, pressure on the ______ from edema, stimulation of pain receptors by ___________, bacterial toxins, and bradykinin

Answer 30

- hyperemia - hyperemia; RBCs - filtration - nerves; nerves - prostaglandins

Question 31

Neutrophil Behavior in Inflammation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Answer 31

1. Inflammatory chemicals 2. Margination 3. Diapedesis 4. Chemotaxis 5. Phagocytosis

Question 32

- Margination: ______ found on surface of neutrophils; ______ in damaged area become exposed on _________ cells -neutrophils bind to and stick to these endothelial cells -recruit & localize neutrophils in damaged area (keeps them there) - __________: migration of neutrophils out of the blood vessel due to large openings - ___________: because of all the chemicals being released, more blood cells brought the the damaged area -more _________ attracted to chemicals at the site

Answer 32

- CAM (cellular adhesion molecules); CAM; endothelial - diapedesis - chemotaxis -neutrophils

Question 33

Priority of inflammation is to prevent pathogens from spreading throughout body - ____________ that filters into tissue fluid clots -forms a sticky mesh that walls of microbes - __________ prevents clotting at site of injury -pathogens are in fluid pocket surrounded by clot -attacked by antibodies, phagocytes, and other defenses

Answer 33

- fibrinogen - heparin

Question 34

Neutrophils quickly accumulate (within ____ min) respond to and kill bacteria - __________ & ___________ - ______________ - _________ ________ - Secrete ________ for recruitment of macrophages and additional neutrophils - Macrophage and T cells secrete ________-_________ factor (CSF) to stimulate __________ (production of more leukocytes) thereby raising WBC counts in blood -___________: 5,000 cells/uL to 25,000 cells/uL in bacterial infection -___________: elevated eosinophil count in allergy or parasitic infection

Answer 34

- diapedesis; chemotaxis - phagocytosis - respiratory burst - cytokines - colony-stimulating; leukopoiesis -neutrophilia -eosinophilia

Question 35

Tissue Cleanup and Repair - __________: the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair -arrive in ___ to ____ hours and become ___________ -engulf bacteria, damaged host cells, and dead neutrophils - _________ contributes to tissue cleanup -swelling compresses veins and reduces venous drainage -forces open valves of _______ capillaries, promoting __________ _________ -lymphatics collect and remove bacteria, dead cells, proteins, and tissue debris better than blood capillaries - ______: yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and tissue fluid

Answer 35

- monocytes -8;12; macrophages - edema -lymphatic; lymphatic drainage - pus

Question 36

Tissue Cleanup and Repair - _________________ is secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in injured area -stimulates ________ to multiply -synthesizes ___________ - ____________ delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis - ___________increases metabolic rate, speeds mitosis and tissue repair - _______ ______ forms a scaffold for tissue reconstruction - ______ makes us limit the use of a body part so it has a chance to rest and heal

Answer 36

- platelet-derived growth factor -fibroblasts -collagen - hyperemia - increased heat - fibrin clot - pain

Question 37

Actions of cells - __________ cells - _______________ cells - ______________ cells - ______________ cells

Answer 37

- Phagocytic - Proinflammatory secreting - Apoptosis-initiating - Parasite-destroying

Question 38

Phagocytic cells - ____________ and __________ cells engulf pathogens

Answer 38

macrophages; dendritic

Question 39

Proinflammatory secreting cells - circulating _________ - tissue residing ________ cells release proinflammatory chemicals that initiate and enhance inflammation - __________: promote overall inflammatory response - __________: act as vasodilator & increase capillary permeability - __________: anticoagulant

Answer 39

- basophils - mast - eicosanoids - histamine - heparin

Question 40

Apoptosis-initiating cells - ______ ________ cells -search out and destroy unwanted cells in the body, including damaged, infected, tumor, or transplanted cells -activated in a variety of ways ONCE ACTIVATED - release cytotoxic chemicals 1. 2. - together these chemicals destroy unhealthy cell by puncturing their membrane (creating _____) - leads to apoptosis - after apoptosis ______ cell or large __________ can come in and phagocytize the dead cell

Answer 40

- natural killer 1. perforin 2. granzymes - pores (perforin creates pore and granzymes go into cell and destroy) - NK; macrophages

Question 41

Parasite-destroying cells - _____________: specialize in attacking multicellular parasites - release _____ _______ and ________ which attack and break down parasite - __________ will come in to gobble up the debris - _________ can also be recruited to these areas

Answer 41

- eosinophils - toxic proteins; peroxide - macrophages - neutrophils