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BIOL 204 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

____________: biologic agent capable of producing disease
-include viruses, bacteria, and fungi

A

pathogen

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2
Q

Immunity= 3 lines of defense against pathogens
1.
2. ____________: leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, NKCs, inflammation, and fever
3. ____________: defeats a pathogen and leaves the body with a “memory” of it so it can defeat it faster in the future

  • ______ immunity= ___ & ____
  • ___________ immunity= ___
A
  1. Skin and mucous membranes
  2. Innate defense mechanisms
  3. Adaptive immunity
  • innate= 1 & 2
  • adaptive= 3
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3
Q

Innate Immunity:
- innate defenses: guard equally against a ______ ________ of pathogens

  • Characteristics of Innate Immunity
    1.
    2.
    3.
  • 3 types of innate defenses
    1.
    2.
    3.
A
  • ## broad range
    1. Local
    2. Nonspecific
    3. Lacks memory

-
1. Protective cells
2. Protective proteins
3. Protective processes

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4
Q

__________ immunity: body must develop separate immunity to each pathogen
- body adapts to a pathogen and wards it off more easily upon future exposure (memory)

A

adaptive

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5
Q
  1. External Barriers: SKIN
    - makes it ____________ difficult for microorganisms to enter the body
    - toughness of _______
    - too dry and nutrient-poor for microbial growth
    - ____ ______: thin film of _____ and ____ ______ from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth
    - ________,________, and _________: _______ in the skin that kill microbes
A
  • mechanically
  • keratin
  • acid mantle; lactic; fatty acids
  • dermicidin; defensins; cathelicidins; peptides
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6
Q
  1. External Barrier: MUCOUS MEMBRANES
    - _________, ________, ________, and ____________ tract are open to the exterior and protected by mucous membranes
    -_________ physically traps microbes
    -_________: enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls
  • Subepithelial ________ tissue
    -viscous barrier of _______ __________: makes it hard for pathogens to get through
    -________________: enzyme used by pathogens to make ___________ _____ less viscous so they can get through
A
  • digestive; respiratory; urinary; reproductive
    -mucus
    -lysozyme
  • areolar
    -hyaluronic acid
    -hyaluronidase; hyaluronic acid
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7
Q
  1. Innate Defense Mechanisms
    - ___________ cells
    - _____________ ________
    - _______________
    - _______________
A
  • protective
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • fever
  • inflammation
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8
Q

Protective Cells: __________
- can kill using ________ and
____________
- can kill by producing a cloud of _______ _________
-lysosomes degranulate- discharge enzymes into tissue fluid causing a __________ ________
-creates a killing zone around cell, destroying several bacteria
-includes H2O2, HCLO, O2-

A

Neutrophils
- phagocytosis; digestion
- bactericidal chemicals
-respiratory burst

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9
Q

Protective Cells: __________
- found especially in ________ ___________
- guard against ________, _______, and other pathogens
- kill __________ and __________ by producing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and _______ _______
- promote action of ________ and ______ cells
- phagocytize ______-________ complexes
- limit action of _________ and other inflammatory chemicals

A

Eosinophils
- mucous membranes
- parasites; allergens
- tapeworms; roundworms; toxic proteins
- basophils; mast
- antigen-antibody
- histamine

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10
Q

Protective cells: ____________
- secrete chemicals that aid ________ and _______ of other leukocytes
- _____________: activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
- ___________: a vasodilator, which increase blood flow (speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area)
- ___________: inhibits clot formation that would impede leukocyte mobility
- ________ cells also secrete these substances
-type of connective tissue cell very similar to basophils

A

Basophils
- mobility; action
- leukotrienes
- histamine
- heparin
- Mast

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11
Q

Protective cells: ___________
- three basic categories: T, B, and NK cells
- Circulating blood contains
-_____% T cells
-_____% B cells
-_____% NK cells
- Many diverse functions
- ______ cells are apart of the innate immunity, all others are part of adaptive immunity; helper ___ cells function in both

A

Lymphocytes
- 80%
- 15%
- 5%
- NK; T

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12
Q

Protective cells:
- ____________: emigrate from the blood into connective tissues and transform into. macrophages
- ___________ ___________: all the body’s avidly phagocytic cells, except leukocytes
- __________ macrophages
- __________ macrophages

A
  • Monocytes
  • macrophage system
    -wandering
    -fixed
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13
Q

Wander macrophages: _______ seek pathogens
- widely distributed in _____ _______ ___________

Fixed macrophages: phagocytize only pathogens that _____ ____ ______
- ____________: in central nervous system
- ________ macrophages: in lungs
- ________ macrophages: in liver

A

actively
- loose connective tissue

come to them
- microglia
- alveolar
- stellate

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14
Q

_______ __________: proteins that inhibit microbial___________ and provide short-term, _______ immunity to pathogenic bacteria and viruses
- two families
1.
2.

A

antimicrobial proteins; reproduction; innate
1. Interferons
2. Complement System

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15
Q

Interferons
- secreted by certain cells _________ by ________
- of no benefit to the cell that secretes them
- ______ neighboring cells and _______ them from becoming infected
-bind to surface receptors on neighboring cell—> activate ________-________ systems within
- the alerted cells synthesizes various __________ that defend it from infection
-breaks down viral genes or prevents replication
- also activates ______ cells and ____________
-destroy infected cell before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated viruses
- Activated _____ cells destroy __________ cells

A
  • infected; viruses
  • alert; protect
    -second-messenger
  • proteins
  • NK; macrophages
  • NK; malignant
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16
Q

__________ __________: a group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both innate immunity and adaptive immunity
- synthesized mainly by _____
- circulate in the blood in _________ form
- activated by presense of a pathogen

A

Complement system
- liver
- inactive

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17
Q

Complement System
- 3 routes of Complement Activation: Active ____ & _____
1. ___________: _________ immunity
2. __________: __________
immunity
3. __________: ________ immunity

A
  • C3a; C3b
    1. Classical pathway: adaptive
    2. Alternative pathway: innate
    3. Lectin pathway: innate
18
Q

Activated Complement for 4 Methods of Pathogen Destruction:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Immune clearance
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Cytolysis
  4. Inflammation
19
Q

Complement Activation:
- Classical pathway (antibody-___________)
-______-_______ complexes form on pathogen surface
-reaction cascade (complement fixation

  • Alternative pathway (antibody-________)
    -C3 dissociates into fragments ____ and _____
    -_____ bind to pathogen surface
    -reaction cascade and autocatalytic effect
  • Lectin pathway (antibody-_________)
    -lectin bind to __________ on pathogen surface
    -reaction cascade

ALL pathways lead to….
C3 dissociates into ____ and _____ (activation of these proteins)

A
  • dependent
    -antigen-antibody
  • independent
    -C3a; C3b
    -C3b
  • independent
    -carbohydrates

C3a; C3b

20
Q

C3a protein leads to _________
C3b proteins leads to __________,___________, and ___________

A

inflammation
immune clearance, phagocytosis, cytolysis

21
Q

Immune clearance: _______ protein
- Binds antigen-antibody complexes to _______
- complexes are transported to _______ and ______
- ______________ remove and degrade these complexes

A

C3b
- RBC
- liver; spleen
- phagocytes

22
Q

Phagocytosis: _____ protein
- _______ pathogens= __________

A

C3b
- tags; opsonization

23
Q

Cytolysis: _____ protein
- Splits C5 into ____ and ____
- _____ binds to other complements proteins
- forms a _____-like structure called ______ ________ _______
- these pores allow water & fluid to go inward and electrolytes can go out–> leads to cytolysis

A

C3b
- C5a; C5b
- pore; membrane attack complex

24
Q

Inflammation: ____ protein
- binds to ________ and _____ cells
- stimulates release of inflammatory chemicals
- stimulates ________ and ________ activity

A

C3a
- basophils; mast
- neutrophil; macrophage

25
Q

____________: fever-inducing molecules secreted into bloodstream

A

pyrogens

26
Q
  • __________ pyrogens: secreted by pathogens
  • __________ pyrogens: secreted by immune cells
  • as they travel through the body they make their way to the _________ —> ______ temperature from 97 to 100 (37-39)
A
  • exogenous
  • endogenous
  • hypothalamus; increase
27
Q

The Course of a Fever
1. _________ and ________ secretion
2. _________ thermostat is reset to _______ set point
3. _______ (body temperature rises)
4. ___________ (body temperature oscillates around new set point)
5. __________ ends, set point returns to normal
6. _______________ (body temp returns to normal)

A
  1. infection; pyrogen
  2. hypothalamic; higher
  3. onset
  4. stadium
  5. infection
  6. Defervescence
28
Q

____________________: local defensive response to tissue injury, including trauma and infection
- Four cardinal signs
1.
2.
3.
4.

A

inflammation
1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain

29
Q

Three major processes of inflammation:
1. Mobilization of body _________
2. Containments and destruction of __________
3. Tissue _______ and _______

  • ___________: small proteins that regulate inflammation and immunity
    -secreted mainly by ____________
    -include interferon, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, chemotactic factors, and others
A
  1. defenses
  2. pathogens
  3. cleanup; repair
  • cytokines
    -leukocytes
30
Q

Basis of the four cardinal signs of inflammation
- heat: results from __________
- redness: due to __________, and extravasated ______ in the tissue
- swelling (edema): due to increased fluid _________ from the capillaries
- pain: from direct injury to the _____, pressure on the ______ from edema, stimulation of pain receptors by ___________, bacterial toxins, and bradykinin

A
  • hyperemia
  • hyperemia; RBCs
  • filtration
  • nerves; nerves
  • prostaglandins
31
Q

Neutrophil Behavior in Inflammation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Inflammatory chemicals
  2. Margination
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Chemotaxis
  5. Phagocytosis
32
Q
  • Margination: ______ found on surface of neutrophils; ______ in damaged area become exposed on _________ cells
    -neutrophils bind to and stick to these endothelial cells
    -recruit & localize neutrophils in damaged area (keeps them there)
  • __________: migration of neutrophils out of the blood vessel due to large openings
  • ___________: because of all the chemicals being released, more blood cells brought the the damaged area
    -more _________ attracted to chemicals at the site
A
  • CAM (cellular adhesion molecules); CAM; endothelial
  • diapedesis
  • chemotaxis
    -neutrophils
33
Q

Priority of inflammation is to prevent pathogens from spreading throughout body
- ____________ that filters into tissue fluid clots
-forms a sticky mesh that walls of microbes
- __________ prevents clotting at site of injury
-pathogens are in fluid pocket surrounded by clot
-attacked by antibodies, phagocytes, and other defenses

A
  • fibrinogen
  • heparin
34
Q

Neutrophils quickly accumulate (within ____ min) respond to and kill bacteria
- __________ & ___________
- ______________
- _________ ________
- Secrete ________ for recruitment of macrophages and additional neutrophils
- Macrophage and T cells secrete ________-_________ factor (CSF) to stimulate __________ (production of more leukocytes) thereby raising WBC counts in blood
-___________: 5,000 cells/uL to 25,000 cells/uL in bacterial infection
-___________: elevated eosinophil count in allergy or parasitic infection

A
  • diapedesis; chemotaxis
  • phagocytosis
  • respiratory burst
  • cytokines
  • colony-stimulating; leukopoiesis
    -neutrophilia
    -eosinophilia
35
Q

Tissue Cleanup and Repair
- __________: the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair
-arrive in ___ to ____ hours and become ___________
-engulf bacteria, damaged host cells, and dead neutrophils
- _________ contributes to tissue cleanup
-swelling compresses veins and reduces venous drainage
-forces open valves of _______ capillaries, promoting __________ _________
-lymphatics collect and remove bacteria, dead cells, proteins, and tissue debris better than blood capillaries
- ______: yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris, and tissue fluid

A
  • monocytes
    -8;12; macrophages
  • edema
    -lymphatic; lymphatic drainage
  • pus
36
Q

Tissue Cleanup and Repair
- _________________ is secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in injured area
-stimulates ________ to multiply
-synthesizes ___________

  • ____________ delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis
  • ___________increases metabolic rate, speeds mitosis and tissue repair
  • _______ ______ forms a scaffold for tissue reconstruction
  • ______ makes us limit the use of a body part so it has a chance to rest and heal
A
  • platelet-derived growth factor
    -fibroblasts
    -collagen
  • hyperemia
  • increased heat
  • fibrin clot
  • pain
37
Q

Actions of cells
- __________ cells
- _______________ cells
- ______________ cells
- ______________ cells

A
  • Phagocytic
  • Proinflammatory secreting
  • Apoptosis-initiating
  • Parasite-destroying
38
Q

Phagocytic cells
- ____________ and __________ cells engulf pathogens

A

macrophages; dendritic

39
Q

Proinflammatory secreting cells
- circulating _________
- tissue residing ________ cells
release proinflammatory chemicals that initiate and enhance inflammation
- __________: promote overall inflammatory response
- __________: act as vasodilator & increase capillary permeability
- __________: anticoagulant

A
  • basophils
  • mast
  • eicosanoids
  • histamine
  • heparin
40
Q

Apoptosis-initiating cells
- ______ ________ cells
-search out and destroy unwanted cells in the body, including damaged, infected, tumor, or transplanted cells
-activated in a variety of ways
ONCE ACTIVATED
- release cytotoxic chemicals
1.
2.
- together these chemicals destroy unhealthy cell by puncturing their membrane (creating _____)
- leads to apoptosis
- after apoptosis ______ cell or large __________ can come in and phagocytize the dead cell

A
  • natural killer
    1. perforin
    2. granzymes
  • pores (perforin creates pore and granzymes go into cell and destroy)
  • NK; macrophages
41
Q

Parasite-destroying cells
- _____________: specialize in attacking multicellular parasites
- release _____ _______ and ________ which attack and break down parasite
- __________ will come in to gobble up the debris
- _________ can also be recruited to these areas

A
  • eosinophils
  • toxic proteins; peroxide
  • macrophages
  • neutrophils

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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