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BIOL 204 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory airflow is governed by the same principles of flow, pressure, and resistance as ________ flow

A

blood

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2
Q

The flow of a fluid is ___________ proportional to the pressure difference between two points (_______ law: I=V/R)

A

directly; Ohm’s

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3
Q

The flow of fluid is __________ proportional to the resistance

A

inversely

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4
Q

___________ pressure drives respiration
- the weight of the air above us
- ________ cm H2O at sea level, or ___ atm
- this number is ________ at higher elevations

A

Atmospheric
- 760; 1
- lower

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5
Q

____________ law: the pressure of a gas increases as its volume decreases, assuming constant mass and temperature
- as volume increases, pressure __________
- as volume decreases, pressure _________

A

Boyle’s
- decreases
- increases

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6
Q

______________ pressure is slightly _______ (relative to atmospheric and pulmonary P) that exists between the two _______ layers
- _______ cm H2O
this is because…..
- _______ causes lungs and chest wall to pull in _______ directions
- all at ________________

A

Intrapleural; negative; pleural
- (-5)
- recoil; opposite

  • END of EXPIRATION
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7
Q

During Inspiration….
- intrapleural pressure becomes more __________ (______ cm H2O)
- pulmonary pressure goes from ____ mmHg to _____ cm H2O

A
  • negative; (-8)
  • 0; (-1)
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8
Q

_____________: volume of a gas is __________ proportional to its absolute temperature
- affects expansion of lungs
- on a cold day, 60 °F, air will ________ its temperature by 39 °F during inspiration
- inhaled air is warmed to 98.6 °F by the time it reaches the _________
- inhaled volume of 500 mL will EXPAND to _____ mL and this thermal expansion will contribute to the inflation of the lungs

A

Charles’s law; directly
- increase
- alveoli
- 536 mL

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9
Q

Inspiration….
- In quite breathing, the dimensions of the thoracic cage increase only a few millimeters in each direction
- enough to increase its total volume by ______ mL
- Thus, ____ mL of air flows into the respiratory tract
- When the lungs inflate, the volume of individual ______ increase–> this is where the air goes!

A
  • 500
  • 500
  • alveoli
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10
Q

The Respiratory Cycle
1. At rest, atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures are ______ (_______ cm H2O), and there is _____ air flow
2. In inspiration, the thoracic cavity _______ laterally, vertically, anteriorly (volume ________). Intrapulmonary pressure _________ ( ______ cm H2O) below atmospheric pressure, and air flows ____ to lungs
3. In expiration, the thoracic cavity _______ in all three direction (volume _________). Intrapulmonary pressure __________ (_____ cm H2O) above atmosphere pressure, and air flows ______ of the lungs

A
  1. equal; NO
  2. expand (increases); decreases (-1 mmHg); IN
  3. contracts (decreases); increases (1+ mmHg); OUT
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11
Q

Expiration:

Relaxed breathing
- _________ process achieved mainly by elastic ______ of thoracic cage
- Volume of thoracic cavity _________
- Intrapulmonary pressure ________ (_____ cm H2O)
- _______ than atmospheric pressure so air flows down the pressure gradient and out of the lungs

Forced breathing
- _________ muscles raise intrapulmonary pressure as high as ______ cm H2O; ______ pressure gradient= _________ flow of air out of the lungs

A
  • passive; recoil
  • decrease
  • increase (+1)
  • greater
  • accessory; +40; steeper; increase
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12
Q

Resistance to Airflow
- flow of air is ___________ proportional to the resistance
- __________ resistance –> _________ airflow
- Two factors influence airway resistance
1.
2.

A
  • inversely
  • increased; decreased
    1. Bronchiole diameter
    2. Pulmonary compliance
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13
Q

Bronchodilation (_______ in diameter)
- __________ and __________ stimulation
- _________ resistance–> ___________ airflow

A

increase
- epinephrine; sympathetic
- decrease; increase

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14
Q

Bronchoconstriction (________ in diameter)
- _________, ____________ nerves, _____ air, and ____________
- _________ resistance–> _________ airflow
- suffocation can occur from EXTREME bronchoconstriction brought about by ___________ and ________

A

decrease
- histamine; parasympathetic; cold; chemical irritants
- increase; decrease
- anaphylactic shock; asthma

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15
Q

Pulmonary compliance: ease with which the lungs can _________
- Compliance is ______ by degenerative lung disease in which the lungs are stiffened by _____ _____= _________ resistance
- Compliance is _________ by the surface tension of the water film inside alveoli
-__________ secreted by great cells of alveoli disrupt ________ bonds between water molecules and thus reduces the surface tension= _________ compliance—> __________ resistance
- ______________________: premature babies lacking surfactant are treated with artificial surfactant until they can make their own

A

expand
- reduced; scar tissue; increase
- limited
-surfactant; hydrogen; increases; decreases
- Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

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16
Q

Only air that enters alveoli, alveolar ducts, etc. is available for ___________
- not all inhaled air gets alveoli, some air occupies:
1. _______________
- _____ mL fills the conducting zone of airway were there is no __________
- can be altered somewhat by _________ dilation of ___________
-increases dead space but allows for ______ flow

  1. ______________
    - in pulmonary disease, some alveoli ______ to exchange gases
    - ____________ + _________________
    - smoking, cancer, emphysema= _______ alveoli, ________ physiological dead space
A

gas exchange

  1. Anatomical dead space
    - 150; gas exchange
    - sympathetic; bronchioles
    -greater
  2. Physiologic (total) dead space
    - unable
    - anatomical dead space + pathological alveolar dead space
    - decreases; increases
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17
Q

If a person inhales _____ mL of air, and _____ mL stays in anatomical dead space, than _______ mL reaches alveoli
- Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR):
____________ * ___________
(____ mL * ______ bpm)= __________ mL/min

  • this measurement is crucially relevant to the body’s ability to get _______ to the tissues and dispose of _____________
A

500; 150; 350
- air that ventilates alveoli * respiratory rate
- (350 mL * 12 bpm)= 4,200 mL/min
- oxygen; carbon dioxide

18
Q

____________ the measurement of pulmonary ventilation

A

spirometry

19
Q

Respiratory Volumes and typical values
- ________________: the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing (____ mL)
- ________________: amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort (______ mL)
- __________________: amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort (______ mL)
- __________________: amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; never can be exhaled voluntarily (_______ mL)

A
  • tidal volume (500 mL)
  • inspiratory volume (3,000 mL)
  • expiratory volume (1,200 mL)
  • residual volume (1,300 mL)
20
Q

Respiratory Capacities
- ___________: amount of air that can be inhaled & exhaled with maximum effort; the deepest possible
(______= ______ +______ + _______)

  • ____________: maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal expiration
    (_____= _______ + ________)
  • _____________: amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
    (______= _______ + _______)
  • _______________: maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
    (___________= ______ + ______)
A
  • vital capacity (VC= IRV+TV+ERV)
  • inspiratory capacity (IC= TV+IRV)
  • functional residual capacity (FRC= ERV+RV)
  • total lung capacity (TLC= VC+RV)
21
Q

_________________: % of vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time interval
- healthy adult reading is ____% to ___% in 1 second

A

forced expiratory volume (FVE1.0)
- 75% to 85%

22
Q

_________: maximum speed of expiration; blowing into a handheld meter

A

peak flow

23
Q

_____________ (_______)
- amount of air inhaled per minute
- _____ * __________ (at rest _____ mL * _______ = _____ mL/min)

A

minute respiratory volume
- TV * respiratory rate (500mL * 12= 6,000 mL/min)

24
Q

_____________ (_____)
- ______ during heavy exercise
- may be as high as _____ to ____L/min

A

maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)
- MRV
- 125; 170 L/min

25
Q

Spirometry aids in the diagnosis and assessment of _____________ and ___________ lung disorders

A

restrictive; obstructive

26
Q

Obstructive disorders: (airway diameter _________ due to inflammation and smooth muscle contractions, or bronchiolar secretion)
- difficult to move air ____ or ____ rapidly. Any diseases that ________ air flow
- greatly _______ _______

Examples:
- __________
- __________
- __________

A

decreased
- in; out; reduces
- reduced FEV1.0

  • bronchitis
  • emphysema
  • asthma
27
Q

Restrictive disorders: _________ ability to move air rapidly in and out of lungs, _________ in gas exchange
- characterized by a __________ in pulmonary compliance
- spirometry measurement: usually _______ ______

Examples
- _______________
- ______________

A

normal; decreased
- reduction
- reduced TLC

  • edema-pneumonia
  • pulmonary edema
28
Q

Composition of Air
- _____% nitrogen
- _____% oxygen
- ______% carbon dioxide
- ____- ____% water vapor, depending on temperature and humidity
- _____ gases argon, neon, helium, methane, and ozone

A
  • 78.6%
  • 20.9%
  • 0.04 %
  • 0%-4%
  • minor
29
Q

_______________: total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases

A

Dalton’s law

30
Q

____________: the separate contribution of each gas in a mixture
- At sea level, ____ atm of pressure= _______ mmHg

A

partial pressure
- 1; 760

31
Q

Composition of inspired (atmospheric) air and alveolar air differs because of 3 influences
1. Air is _________ by contact with mucous membranes
- alveolar PH2O more than ____x higher than inhaled air

  1. Alveolar air ______ with _________ air
    - oxygen gets diluted and air is enriched with CO2
  2. Alveolar air __________ O2 and CO2 with blood
    - PO2 of alveolar air is about ____% that of inspired air
    - PCO2 is more than ______ times higher
A
  1. humidified
    - 10
  2. mixes; residual
  3. exchanges
    - 65%
    - 130
32
Q

Alveolar Gas Exchange
- the “swapping” of O2 and CO2 across the _____________ ____________
- air in the alveolus is in contact with a film of _______ covering the alveolar epithelium
- for oxygen to get into the blood, it must ______ in this _____ and pass through the __________ _________ which separating the air from the bloodstream
- for carbon dioxide to leave the blood it must pass the other way and then diffuse out of the______ film into alveolar air

A
  • respiratory membrane
  • water
  • dissolve; water; respiratory membrane
  • water
33
Q

_______________: at the air-water interface, for given temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its __________ in water and its _______ _______ in air
- The _________ the PO2 in the alveolar air, the ______ O2 the blood picks up
- Since blood arriving at an alveolus has ______ PCO2 than air, it _______ CO2 into the air (that is, into the _______)

A

Henry’s law; solubility; partial pressure
- greater; more
- higher; releases; alveoli

34
Q

Alveolar Gas Exchange: Pressure Gradient of the Gases
- Normally:
- PO2= _____ mmHg in alveolar air versus _____ mmHg in blood
- PCO2= _____ mmHg in blood versus ______ Hg in alveolar air (gradient isn’t big but CO2 can ______ better in water)

A
  • 104; 40
  • 46; 40 (dissolve)
35
Q

Oxygen Loading in Relation Partial Pressure Gradient

  • At high altitudes, the partial pressures of all gases are __________
    -_______ gradient, so ________ oxygen diffuses into the blood
  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    -treatment with oxygen at >1atm of pressure
    -_________ gradient, so ________ oxygen diffuses into the blood
A
  • lower
    -less; less
  • steeper; more
36
Q

Changes in PO2 and PCO2 vary along the Circulatory Route
- PO2= ______ mmHg in arriving blood versus ______ mmHg in tissue
- PCO2= _____ mmHg in tissue versus _____ mmHg in arriving blood

A
  • 95; 40
  • 46; 40
37
Q

Solubility of the gases
- CO2 is ____ times as soluble as O2
-_____ amounts of O2 and CO2 are exchanged across the respiratory membrane because CO2 is much more _______ and ______ more rapidly

Membrane Surface Area
- ____ mL blood in alveolar capillaries, spread thinly over ___ m^2

A
  • 20; equal
    -equal; soluble; diffuses
  • 100; 70
38
Q

Alveolar Gas Exchange: Other factors that affect efficiency
____________ ______________
- Normal: only ____ um thick and presents little obstacle to diffusion
- Pathological: when membrane is ______, gases have farther to travel between blood and air and cannot equilibrate fast enough to keep up with blood flow
-_________________ in _____________ failure causes edema and thickening of the respiratory membrane
-______________ causes thickening of respiratory membrane

A

Membrane thickness
- .5
- THICKER
-pulmonary edema; left ventricular
-pneumonia

39
Q

_____________: perfusion adjusted to changes in ventilation

A

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

40
Q

Response to reduced ventilation
- _________ air flow
- ___________ PO2 in blood vessels
- _______________ of pulmonary vessels
- _______________ blood flow
- result: ________ matches _________

Response to increased ventilation
- __________ air flow
- __________ PO2 in blood vessels
- ____________ of pulmonary vessels
- ____________ blood flow
- result: ________ matches ________

A
  • decreased
  • reduced
  • vasoconstriction
  • decreased
  • blood flow; airflow
  • increased
  • elevated
  • vasodilation
  • increased
  • blood flow; airflow
41
Q

Response to reduced perfusion
- _________ blood flow
- _________ PCO2 in alveoli
- _________ of bronchioles
- __________ airflow

Response to increased perfusion
- __________ blood flow
- __________ PCO2 in alveoli
- ___________ of bronchioles
- ____________ airflow

RESULTS: airflow matches blood flow

A
  • decreased
  • reduced
  • construction
  • decreased
  • increased
  • elevated
  • dilation
  • increased

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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