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BIOL 204 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

______________: areas separated by selectively permeable membranes that differ in chemical composition

Two in the body….
1. ____________ (contains the most volume of water)
2. ___________

A

Fluid Compartments
1. Intercellular fluid (ICF) compartment
2. Extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment

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2
Q

Transceullar fluid is found in epithelial-lined ________ and examples include…
- _______
- ______(_____)
- _________
- _________
- _________
- ________ & _______ ______(eye)
- _________ & _________ (ear)
- fluid in _______, _________, and ________ tracts

A

cavities
- CSF
- Synovial (joints)
- Peritoneal
- Pleural
- Pericardial
- Vitreous & aqueous humors
- Perilymph & endolymph
- digestive, urinary, and respiratory

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3
Q

______________: is the body fluid in between the circulatory system and the cells

A

interstitial fluid

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4
Q

Most abundant cations in…
- ECF= _____
- IFC= _____

Most abundant anions in…
- EFC= _____
- IFC= _____, generated by hydrolysis of _____ and other phosphate compounds

  • The __________ are the most important organ in regulating electrolyte balance
  • Chloride homeostasis is achieved by the regulation of _______ levels: as ____ is retained or excreted, ____ passively follows
A
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Cl-
  • Inorganic phosphate; ATP
  • KIDNEYS
  • Na+; Na+; Cl-
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5
Q

___________: a measure of the total concentration of solute particles in a solution , expressed in osmoles per liter (osmol/L)
- it accounts for all the solute particles, whether they are _____, _______, or other substances that contribute to the somatic pressure of the solution

A

osmolarity; ions; molecules

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6
Q

How is the osmolarity of the ECF compared with the ICF?

A

isosmotic (the same)

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7
Q

Terms used to describe the concentration of solute in as solution, typically separated by a semipermeable membrane
- _________ solution= the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane
- _________ solution= the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell compared to inside
- __________ solution= the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell compared to inside

A
  • isotonic
  • hypertonic
  • hypotonic
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8
Q
  • water moves by _______–> passive flow down ________ __________ which is determined by the relative (solutes) in each compartment
  • The most significant solute in determining total body water and water distribution amount fluid compartments are __________, specifically _____
A
  • osmosis; osmotic gradients
  • electrolytes; Na+ (bc it is the primary cation in the ECF)
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9
Q

osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules, usually ______, across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of _____ solute concentration to an area of ______ solute concentration
- the goal is to ________ the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane; this process is passive and _________ require energy

A

water; lower; higher; equalize; DOES NOT

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10
Q

What occurs to the movement of water within the cells when there is an increase in osmolality in the extracellular fluid (resulting in extracellular fluid water loss)?

A

water moves out of cells to balance osmotic pressure
- the higher solute concentration outside creates an osmotic gradient, leading to cellular dehydration and reduced volume

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11
Q

Disorders of water balance
1.
2.

A
  1. Fluid Excess
  2. Fluid Deficiency
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12
Q

Most severe consequences of fluid excess in the body….
- ____________
- ____________

A
  • pulmonary and cerebral edema
  • death
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13
Q

Types of Fluid Excess
1.
2.

A
  1. Volume excess
  2. Hypotonic hydration (=water intoxication =positive water balance)
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14
Q

Fluid Excess: Volume excess
- increased levels of ________ can cause volume excess
- both ____ and _____ are retained; ECF remains _______

A
  • aldosterone
  • Na+; water; isotonic
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15
Q

Fluid Excess: Hypotonic hydration (=___________ or ___________)
- increase in levels of ________ can cause hypotonic hydration
- ______>_____ retention or ingested; EFC is ________ (diluted) –> cellular swelling (water moves into cell)

A

water intoxication; positive water balance
- ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
- Water>Na+; hypotonic

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16
Q

Types of fluid excess that can develop if you drink plenty of plain water (or pure distilled water with no ions at all)= ___________________
- because it dilutes the electrolyte contraption in the ECF

A

hypotonic hydration

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17
Q

Types of Fluid Deficiency
1.
2.

A
  1. Volume depletion (hypovolemia)
  2. Dehydration (negative water balance)
18
Q

_____________ refers to a condition characterized by decreased volume of circulating blood in the body

A

hypovolemia

19
Q

Severe consequences of fluid deficiency
- ____________: due to loss of blood volume
- ____________: due to dehydration of brain cells

A
  • circulatory (hypovolemic) shock
  • neurological dysfunction
20
Q

Fluid Deficiency: Volume depletion (hypovolemia)
- proportionate amounts of _______ and _____ are lost= total body water ______ and osmolarity remains ________

A
  • water; Na+; decreases; normal
21
Q

_____________: negative water balance
- The osmolarity of the ECF ___________, because the body eliminates more ______ compared to _____

A

dehydration
- increases; water; Na+

22
Q

Causes of volume depletion (hypovolemia)
- ____________
- ____________
- ____________
- ____________ (decreased aldosterone)

A
  • hemorrhage
  • severe burns
  • chronic vomiting/diarrhea
  • Addison disease
23
Q

Causes of dehydration
- lack of ___________
- _____________
- ____________ (decreased ADH)
- profuse ________
- overuse of ________

A
  • drinking water
  • diabetes mellitus
  • diabetes insipidus
  • sweating
  • diuretics
24
Q

water intake is regulated through a thirst center located in the ______________

A

hypothalamus

25
Q
  • An increase in blood levels of Na+ will __________ the thirst center
  • A decrease in blood levels of Na+ will ________ the thirst center
  • A decrease in blood pressure with stimulate the thirst center through _________
A
  • stimulate
  • inhibit
  • angiotensin II
26
Q
  • the ____________ secretes ADH
  • ADH is released when there is _____ blood osmolarity, ______ blood volume, and _____ blood pressure
  • _______ blood osmolarity decreases ADH secretion
  • The type of urine that ADH produces is ___________ urine (______________)
A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • high; low; low
  • LOW
  • concentrated; hypertonic
27
Q

In absence of ADH, the cells of the late DT and cortical CD are ______ __________ to water, and a ________ volume of water is lost in the urine

A

barely permeable; larger

28
Q

How does ADH act
- ______ cells: _______ aquaporins- kidneys ________ ______ water and produce ______ urine, while _____ continues to be excreted

A
  • CD; increaase; reabsorb more; less; Na+
29
Q

_______ ADH secretion produces hypotonic urine

A

LOW

30
Q

During dehydration….
- there is a _________ in osmolarity of the ECF, characterized for ______ plasma volume and _____ blood pressure
- this is detected by _____________ that ________ the release of ADH
- ADH _________ water reabsorption (producing __________ urine)
- this will then _________ plasma osmolarity, _________ plasma volume, and consequently blood pressure

A
  • increase; low; low
  • osmoreceptors; stimulates
  • increases; hypertonic
  • decrease; increase
31
Q

In case of over-hydration…
- __________ blood osmolarity
- __________ ADH secretion
- __________ aquaporins
- __________ water reabsorption (______ still being removed)
- this produces ________ urine (water _______ or _________ urine)

A
  • decreased
  • decreased
  • decreased
  • decreased (Na+)
  • diluted; diuresis; hypotonic
32
Q

ANP= __________________
- this is secreted in response to a(n) __________ blood pressure
- Five main functions of the ANP in Na+ homeostasis and renal function
1. _________ _________ synthesis
2. _________ of afferent arterioles
3. _________ ______ production
4. suppresses reabsorption of ______ in ______ and other segments
5. inhibit ________ secretion and action

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide
- increase
1.decrease aldosterone
2. dilation (increases GFR)
3. decrease renin
4. Na+; CD
5. ADH

33
Q

ANP _______ the secretion of aldosterone
- this causes ______ sodium retention (and consequently water); more sodium in the urine

A

decreases
- less

34
Q

ANP inhibits two sodium transporters in the renal tubule
1.
2.

A
  1. NaK2Cl in ascending loop
  2. Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) channel in the collecting duct
35
Q

ANP produces __________ of the afferent arteriole which __________ GFR

A

vasodilation; increases

36
Q
  • ANP ________ renin secretion by the ______________ cells
  • ANP also ________ ADH secretion, which results in _____ urine volume
A
  • decreases; JGC (juxtaglomerular)
  • decreases; more
37
Q

The overall effect of ANP is to __________ blood pressure

A

decrease

38
Q
  • Aldosterone regulates Na+ reabsorption by secreting ______
  • the overall effect of aldosterone on blood pressure is to _________ it
A
  • K+
  • increase
39
Q

Three mechanisms of aldosterone to promote Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion in the ________ cells of the collecting ducts
1. __________ of synthesis of the ______________ at the __________ membrane
2. _________ of synthesis of the _____________ at the ______ membrane
3. enhances permeability of _____, facilitating their movement from the ________ of the cell to the ______

A

principal
1. up regulation; Na/K-ATPase; basolateral
2. up regulation; epithelial sodium channel (ENaC); apical
3. K+; interior; urine

40
Q
  • In which renal tubule segment is the most K+ reabsorbed? ______ (___%)
  • fine-tuning of K+ excretion occurs in __________ according to the needs of the body
A
  • PCT (90%)
  • distal nephron
41
Q
  • principal cells: K+ ________
  • intercalated cells: K+ _____________
  • _________ cells will reabsorb K+ in ____kalemia
A
  • secretion
  • reabsorption
  • intercalated; hypokalemia (K+ deficit)
42
Q

High levels of K+ in the blood (hyperkalemia) will ___________ aldosterone secretion because it activates the __________
- this pump exchanges ______ ions (transferred to the blood) for _______ ions, leading to increased ________ of ____ in the urine and a reduction in blood K+ levels

A
  • stimulate; sodium-potassium
  • Na+; K+; excretion; K+

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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