Lecture 16 Flashcards
______________: areas separated by selectively permeable membranes that differ in chemical composition
Two in the body….
1. ____________ (contains the most volume of water)
2. ___________
Fluid Compartments
1. Intercellular fluid (ICF) compartment
2. Extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment
Transceullar fluid is found in epithelial-lined ________ and examples include…
- _______
- ______(_____)
- _________
- _________
- _________
- ________ & _______ ______(eye)
- _________ & _________ (ear)
- fluid in _______, _________, and ________ tracts
cavities
- CSF
- Synovial (joints)
- Peritoneal
- Pleural
- Pericardial
- Vitreous & aqueous humors
- Perilymph & endolymph
- digestive, urinary, and respiratory
______________: is the body fluid in between the circulatory system and the cells
interstitial fluid
Most abundant cations in…
- ECF= _____
- IFC= _____
Most abundant anions in…
- EFC= _____
- IFC= _____, generated by hydrolysis of _____ and other phosphate compounds
- The __________ are the most important organ in regulating electrolyte balance
- Chloride homeostasis is achieved by the regulation of _______ levels: as ____ is retained or excreted, ____ passively follows
- Na+
- K+
- Cl-
- Inorganic phosphate; ATP
- KIDNEYS
- Na+; Na+; Cl-
___________: a measure of the total concentration of solute particles in a solution , expressed in osmoles per liter (osmol/L)
- it accounts for all the solute particles, whether they are _____, _______, or other substances that contribute to the somatic pressure of the solution
osmolarity; ions; molecules
How is the osmolarity of the ECF compared with the ICF?
isosmotic (the same)
Terms used to describe the concentration of solute in as solution, typically separated by a semipermeable membrane
- _________ solution= the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane
- _________ solution= the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell compared to inside
- __________ solution= the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell compared to inside
- isotonic
- hypertonic
- hypotonic
- water moves by _______–> passive flow down ________ __________ which is determined by the relative (solutes) in each compartment
- The most significant solute in determining total body water and water distribution amount fluid compartments are __________, specifically _____
- osmosis; osmotic gradients
- electrolytes; Na+ (bc it is the primary cation in the ECF)
osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules, usually ______, across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of _____ solute concentration to an area of ______ solute concentration
- the goal is to ________ the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane; this process is passive and _________ require energy
water; lower; higher; equalize; DOES NOT
What occurs to the movement of water within the cells when there is an increase in osmolality in the extracellular fluid (resulting in extracellular fluid water loss)?
water moves out of cells to balance osmotic pressure
- the higher solute concentration outside creates an osmotic gradient, leading to cellular dehydration and reduced volume
Disorders of water balance
1.
2.
- Fluid Excess
- Fluid Deficiency
Most severe consequences of fluid excess in the body….
- ____________
- ____________
- pulmonary and cerebral edema
- death
Types of Fluid Excess
1.
2.
- Volume excess
- Hypotonic hydration (=water intoxication =positive water balance)
Fluid Excess: Volume excess
- increased levels of ________ can cause volume excess
- both ____ and _____ are retained; ECF remains _______
- aldosterone
- Na+; water; isotonic
Fluid Excess: Hypotonic hydration (=___________ or ___________)
- increase in levels of ________ can cause hypotonic hydration
- ______>_____ retention or ingested; EFC is ________ (diluted) –> cellular swelling (water moves into cell)
water intoxication; positive water balance
- ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
- Water>Na+; hypotonic
Types of fluid excess that can develop if you drink plenty of plain water (or pure distilled water with no ions at all)= ___________________
- because it dilutes the electrolyte contraption in the ECF
hypotonic hydration
Types of Fluid Deficiency
1.
2.
- Volume depletion (hypovolemia)
- Dehydration (negative water balance)
_____________ refers to a condition characterized by decreased volume of circulating blood in the body
hypovolemia
Severe consequences of fluid deficiency
- ____________: due to loss of blood volume
- ____________: due to dehydration of brain cells
- circulatory (hypovolemic) shock
- neurological dysfunction
Fluid Deficiency: Volume depletion (hypovolemia)
- proportionate amounts of _______ and _____ are lost= total body water ______ and osmolarity remains ________
- water; Na+; decreases; normal
_____________: negative water balance
- The osmolarity of the ECF ___________, because the body eliminates more ______ compared to _____
dehydration
- increases; water; Na+
Causes of volume depletion (hypovolemia)
- ____________
- ____________
- ____________
- ____________ (decreased aldosterone)
- hemorrhage
- severe burns
- chronic vomiting/diarrhea
- Addison disease
Causes of dehydration
- lack of ___________
- _____________
- ____________ (decreased ADH)
- profuse ________
- overuse of ________
- drinking water
- diabetes mellitus
- diabetes insipidus
- sweating
- diuretics
water intake is regulated through a thirst center located in the ______________
hypothalamus
