Lecture 15 Flashcards
Appearance
color depends on body’s state of _________, _________ ______ (dye’s in foods), ________ & ________ intake, or underlying _______ ______
standard color of urine= _______ _________
- color results of __________ (or ___________)
- color of urine when overhydrated=
- color of urine when dehydrated=
hydration; dietary factors; vitamin; drug; medical conditions
straw yellow
- urobilin (urochrome)
- clear (its diluted)
- orange (it is concentrated in urochrome)
- brown urine= increased _________ (a blood pigment from blood breakdown)
e.g. in __________ disease (more blood breakdown), or _____ disease (decreased blood processing) - red urine= presence of _______ (_______)
e.g. from __________, ________, ______ _____ or ___________ with menstrual fluid - blue/green urine= presence of __________ ________
e.g. after a _________ - cola urine= ______________ from ________ breakdown (due to _________)
- cloudy urine might indicate presence of _______ (______), _______
- bilirubin; haemolytic; liver
- blood (hematuria); UTI; trauma; kidney
stone; contamination - contrast medium; scan
- rhabdomyolysis; muscle (myoglobin)
- pus (pyuria); infection
___________= byproduct of the breakdown of ___________, the RBC component that carries oxygen
urochrome (or urobilin); hemoglobin
_________ _________: gives a solid estimate of the grams of _____ _____ per liter of urine
- typical range= _______ (very dilute urine) to _______ (very concentrated urine)
specific gravity; solid matter
- 1.001 to 1.035
- urine concentration: it means that the proportion of dissolved ________ in the urine is higher, and there is a lower _______ content
- urine dilation affects specific gravity by _________ the value because there is a lower ____ ______ per liter of urine
- substances; water
- decreases; solid matter
Typical pH of the urine is ____ (but ranges from _____ to _____)
- it is mildly ______
6 (4.5 to 8.2)
- acidic
Normal chemical composition of urine:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
- uric acid
- urea
- bicarbonate ions
- creatinine
- K+
- Na+
- Cl-
Abnormal chemical compositions found in urine:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
- RBCs
- WBCs
- glucose
- bile pigments
- proteins
- albumin
- ketone bodies
pyuria= presence of ______ and _______
- possible causes: ______
hematuria= presence of ______
- possible causes: _______ in ______ (because of stones, infection)
ketonuria= presence of ______ ________
possible cause: ______/ untreated ______
pus and WBCs
- UTI
blood
- bleeding; urinary tract
ketone bodies
- starvation/ diabetes mellitus
Proteinuria/albuminuria= presence of ______, such as _______
- possible causes: result of _________ _________, ____________, or _________
Bilirubinuria= presence of _______ ________ (mostly ________)
- possible causes: ______ disease
Glycosuria= presence of ___________
- possible causes: increase in ______ intake or _________
proteins; albumin
- physical exertion; glomerulonephritis; hypertension
bile pigments; bilirubin
- liver
glucose
- sugar; diabetes mellitus
Odor
- smell of diabetic urine= _______, _______ (_______)
- smell of infected urine= _______ or ________
- what disorder has a caramelized (burnt sugar) order? ______________
- smell of phenylalanine (in PKU= phenylketonuria= __________ or “______”
- sweet; fruity (acetone)
- fishy; rotten
- Maple syrup urine disease
- musty; mousy
There layers of the ureter from the innermost to the outermost
1. _________: comprises of _________ and __________
2. __________: layers of _________ _______, comprises of _________ _________ and __________ ________
- main function of this layer is __________ to ______ the urine
3. ___________
- Mucosa; transitional epithelium; lamina propria
- Muscularis; smooth muscle; inner longitudinal; outer circular
- peristalsis; propel - Adventitia
- Where can you find the ureteric orifice? at the _______ of the _______; the ______ of the ureter at the ______ of the urinary bladder
- which landmarks define the borders of the trigone of the bladder?
- end; ureter; slit; lumen
- 2 inlets (ureters) and the outlet (urethra)
- _______ sphincter: ________ muscle (involuntary) and located at the ______ of the bladder
- _______ sphincter: _______ muscle (voluntary) and located at the level of ______ _______
- internal; smooth; neck
- external; skeletal; urogenital diaphragm
_______ _______: forming the walls of the bladder and is ________ muscle, therefore, ___________
detrusor muscle; smooth; involuntary
The urinary bladder lining is a specialized _________ epithelium, the ____________
- primary function: to form a _______ to ________ and to prevent the ________ of urinary components into the _________ ______
stratified; urothelium
- barrier; pathogens; diffusion; underlying tissue
Three cell layers of the urothelium
1.
2.
3.
- basal cells
- intermediate cells
- superficial (umbrella) cells
The ____________ cells in the bladder are in close contact with the urine and is responsible for maintaining the ___________ and _____-________ barrier function of the urothelium
- superficial (umbrella); impermeability; high-resistance
There are ________ segments of the male urethra which are….
- 3
1. Prostatic
2. Membranous
3. Spongy (penile): the LONGEST
- Does the detrusor muscle receive sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both innervation?
BOTH
The parasympathetic input enables the bladder to _____ the urine (_________)
- __________ upon binding to the ___________ receptor
The sympathetic input enables the bladder to _____ with urine (____________)
- ____________ upon binding to the __________ receptors
empty (contraction)
- acetylcholine; muscarinic type 3
fill (relaxation)
- norepinephrine; beta-3
Which autonomic NS division is responsible for internal urethral sphincter RELAXATION? _____________
What neurotransmiter and receptor cause contraction of internal urethral sphinter?_________ upon binding to the _____________ receptor
parasympathetic
- norepinephrine; alpha-1 adrenergic
Which autonomic NS subdivision enable the bladder to empty the urine? and to fill?
parasympathetic; sympathetic
Parasympathetic NS enables the bladder to empty the urine by….
- _________ the detrusor muscle
- _________ the internal urethral sphincter
Sympathetic NS enables the bladder to fill with urine by….
- __________ the detrusor
- __________ the internal urethral sphincter
- contracting
- relaxing
- relaxing
- contracting
Which division of the nervous system controls the EXTERNAL urethral sphincter? _________
- ___________ upon binding to the _________ receptor (neuromuscular junction)
Somatic
- acetylcholine; nicotinic
- type of receptors that detect that the bladder is full of urine= ____________
- increased firing of the parasympathetic fibers cause the detrusor muscle to _________! which causes the ___________ of internal sphincter causing micturition (urination)
- stretch receptors
- CONTRACT! relaxation
- The micturition center is located in the _______
- the name of the reflex that mediates voiding (urination)= ______________
- PONS
- micturition reflex
