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BIOL 204 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Appearance

color depends on body’s state of _________, _________ ______ (dye’s in foods), ________ & ________ intake, or underlying _______ ______

standard color of urine= _______ _________
- color results of __________ (or ___________)

  • color of urine when overhydrated=
  • color of urine when dehydrated=
A

hydration; dietary factors; vitamin; drug; medical conditions

straw yellow
- urobilin (urochrome)

  • clear (its diluted)
  • orange (it is concentrated in urochrome)
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2
Q
  • brown urine= increased _________ (a blood pigment from blood breakdown)
    e.g. in __________ disease (more blood breakdown), or _____ disease (decreased blood processing)
  • red urine= presence of _______ (_______)
    e.g. from __________, ________, ______ _____ or ___________ with menstrual fluid
  • blue/green urine= presence of __________ ________
    e.g. after a _________
  • cola urine= ______________ from ________ breakdown (due to _________)
  • cloudy urine might indicate presence of _______ (______), _______
A
  • bilirubin; haemolytic; liver
  • blood (hematuria); UTI; trauma; kidney
    stone; contamination
  • contrast medium; scan
  • rhabdomyolysis; muscle (myoglobin)
  • pus (pyuria); infection
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3
Q

___________= byproduct of the breakdown of ___________, the RBC component that carries oxygen

A

urochrome (or urobilin); hemoglobin

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4
Q

_________ _________: gives a solid estimate of the grams of _____ _____ per liter of urine
- typical range= _______ (very dilute urine) to _______ (very concentrated urine)

A

specific gravity; solid matter
- 1.001 to 1.035

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5
Q
  • urine concentration: it means that the proportion of dissolved ________ in the urine is higher, and there is a lower _______ content
  • urine dilation affects specific gravity by _________ the value because there is a lower ____ ______ per liter of urine
A
  • substances; water
  • decreases; solid matter
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6
Q

Typical pH of the urine is ____ (but ranges from _____ to _____)
- it is mildly ______

A

6 (4.5 to 8.2)
- acidic

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7
Q

Normal chemical composition of urine:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
  1. uric acid
  2. urea
  3. bicarbonate ions
  4. creatinine
  5. K+
  6. Na+
  7. Cl-
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8
Q

Abnormal chemical compositions found in urine:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
  1. RBCs
  2. WBCs
  3. glucose
  4. bile pigments
  5. proteins
  6. albumin
  7. ketone bodies
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9
Q

pyuria= presence of ______ and _______
- possible causes: ______

hematuria= presence of ______
- possible causes: _______ in ______ (because of stones, infection)

ketonuria= presence of ______ ________
possible cause: ______/ untreated ______

A

pus and WBCs
- UTI

blood
- bleeding; urinary tract

ketone bodies
- starvation/ diabetes mellitus

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10
Q

Proteinuria/albuminuria= presence of ______, such as _______
- possible causes: result of _________ _________, ____________, or _________

Bilirubinuria= presence of _______ ________ (mostly ________)
- possible causes: ______ disease

Glycosuria= presence of ___________
- possible causes: increase in ______ intake or _________

A

proteins; albumin
- physical exertion; glomerulonephritis; hypertension

bile pigments; bilirubin
- liver

glucose
- sugar; diabetes mellitus

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11
Q

Odor
- smell of diabetic urine= _______, _______ (_______)
- smell of infected urine= _______ or ________
- what disorder has a caramelized (burnt sugar) order? ______________
- smell of phenylalanine (in PKU= phenylketonuria= __________ or “______”

A
  • sweet; fruity (acetone)
  • fishy; rotten
  • Maple syrup urine disease
  • musty; mousy
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12
Q

There layers of the ureter from the innermost to the outermost
1. _________: comprises of _________ and __________
2. __________: layers of _________ _______, comprises of _________ _________ and __________ ________
- main function of this layer is __________ to ______ the urine
3. ___________

A
  1. Mucosa; transitional epithelium; lamina propria
  2. Muscularis; smooth muscle; inner longitudinal; outer circular
    - peristalsis; propel
  3. Adventitia
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13
Q
  • Where can you find the ureteric orifice? at the _______ of the _______; the ______ of the ureter at the ______ of the urinary bladder
  • which landmarks define the borders of the trigone of the bladder?
A
  • end; ureter; slit; lumen
  • 2 inlets (ureters) and the outlet (urethra)
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14
Q
  • _______ sphincter: ________ muscle (involuntary) and located at the ______ of the bladder
  • _______ sphincter: _______ muscle (voluntary) and located at the level of ______ _______
A
  • internal; smooth; neck
  • external; skeletal; urogenital diaphragm
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15
Q

_______ _______: forming the walls of the bladder and is ________ muscle, therefore, ___________

A

detrusor muscle; smooth; involuntary

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16
Q

The urinary bladder lining is a specialized _________ epithelium, the ____________
- primary function: to form a _______ to ________ and to prevent the ________ of urinary components into the _________ ______

A

stratified; urothelium
- barrier; pathogens; diffusion; underlying tissue

17
Q

Three cell layers of the urothelium
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. basal cells
  2. intermediate cells
  3. superficial (umbrella) cells
18
Q

The ____________ cells in the bladder are in close contact with the urine and is responsible for maintaining the ___________ and _____-________ barrier function of the urothelium

A
  • superficial (umbrella); impermeability; high-resistance
19
Q

There are ________ segments of the male urethra which are….

A
  • 3
    1. Prostatic
    2. Membranous
    3. Spongy (penile): the LONGEST
20
Q
  • Does the detrusor muscle receive sympathetic, parasympathetic, or both innervation?
A

BOTH

21
Q

The parasympathetic input enables the bladder to _____ the urine (_________)
- __________ upon binding to the ___________ receptor

The sympathetic input enables the bladder to _____ with urine (____________)
- ____________ upon binding to the __________ receptors

A

empty (contraction)
- acetylcholine; muscarinic type 3

fill (relaxation)
- norepinephrine; beta-3

22
Q

Which autonomic NS division is responsible for internal urethral sphincter RELAXATION? _____________

What neurotransmiter and receptor cause contraction of internal urethral sphinter?_________ upon binding to the _____________ receptor

A

parasympathetic
- norepinephrine; alpha-1 adrenergic

23
Q

Which autonomic NS subdivision enable the bladder to empty the urine? and to fill?

A

parasympathetic; sympathetic

24
Q

Parasympathetic NS enables the bladder to empty the urine by….
- _________ the detrusor muscle
- _________ the internal urethral sphincter

Sympathetic NS enables the bladder to fill with urine by….
- __________ the detrusor
- __________ the internal urethral sphincter

A
  • contracting
  • relaxing
  • relaxing
  • contracting
25
Q

Which division of the nervous system controls the EXTERNAL urethral sphincter? _________
- ___________ upon binding to the _________ receptor (neuromuscular junction)

A

Somatic
- acetylcholine; nicotinic

26
Q
  • type of receptors that detect that the bladder is full of urine= ____________
  • increased firing of the parasympathetic fibers cause the detrusor muscle to _________! which causes the ___________ of internal sphincter causing micturition (urination)
A
  • stretch receptors
  • CONTRACT! relaxation
27
Q
  • The micturition center is located in the _______
  • the name of the reflex that mediates voiding (urination)= ______________
A
  • PONS
  • micturition reflex

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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