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BIOL 204 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Three variables govern stroke volume:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. preload
  2. contractility
  3. afterload
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2
Q

__________: the amount of tension in ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract

A

preload

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3
Q

Preload
- increased preload causes _________ force of contraction
- exercise ___________ venous return and stretches myocardium
- _______________ generate more tension during contraction
- _____________ cardiac output matches increased ____________ ___________

A
  • increased
  • increases
  • cardiomyocytes
  • increased; venous return
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4
Q

__________-_________ law of the heart: __________ is proportional to the ____________
- ventricles eject almost as much blood as they _____________
- the more _______, the harder they ________

A

Frank-Starling; stroke volume; end diastolic volume (EDV)
- receive
- stretch; contract

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5
Q

_____________ refers to how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload

A

contractility

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6
Q

Contractility

_________________________ raise calcium to increase contractility
1. ______________: can cause strong, prolonged contractions and even cardiac arrest in systole

________________________ reduce contractility
1. __________________: can’t start excitation-contraction coupling which leads to no contraction
2. ________________: slows down repolarization. which decreases ability to start next contraction cycle
3. ________________: hyperpolarization

A

Positive inotropic agents
1. Hypercalcemia

Negative inotropic agents
1. Hypocalcemia
2. Hyperkalemia
3. Hypokalemia

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7
Q

________________: sum of all forces opposing the ejection of blood from ventricle
- Largest force is _____________ __________ in aorta and pulmonary trunk
- opposes the opening of ______ valves
- limits _________

A

Afterload
- blood pressure
- semilunar
- stroke volume

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8
Q

hypertension ___________ afterload and ___________ ventricular ejection
- anything that _________ arterial circulation can ___________ after load (e.g. _______ ___________)

A

increases; opposes
- impedes (obstructs); increase; lung diseases

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9
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac Output
Increased Heart Rate= ______________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A

Positive chronotropic agents
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Epinephrine, norepinephrine
3. Thyroid hormone
4. Glucagon
5. Nicotine, caffeine
6. Hypocalcemia

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10
Q

Factors affecting Cardiac Output
Increased stroke volume
1.
____________________
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
  1. increased preload

Positive inotropic agents
2. sympathetic nervous system
3. epinephrine, norepinephrine
4. Glucagon
5. Digitalis
6. Nicotine, caffeine
7. Hypercalemia

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11
Q

Reduced heart rate=______________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A

Negative chronotropic agents
1. Parasympathetic nervous system
2. Acetylcholine
3. Hypercalcemia
4. Hypokalemia
5. Beta blockers

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12
Q

Reduced stroke volume
1.
2.
3.
__________________
4.
5.

A
  1. reduced preload
  2. reduced contractility
  3. increased after load

Negative inotropic agents
4. Hypocalcemia
4. Hyperkalemia

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13
Q

____________: amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 min
- _______ L/min at rest
- _______ L/min for a fit person during exercise
- _______ L/min for a world-class athlete during exercise

_____________: the difference between a person’s maximum CO and resting CO
- ____________ with fitness, _______________ with disease

A

cardiac output
- 5
- 21
- >40

cardiac reserve
- increases; decreases

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14
Q
  • Exercise: hearts works harder and ________ CO
  • Proprioceptors signal cardiac center which _______ CO via _____________ output
  • Increased muscular activity _______ venous return which increases ________ and ultimately ______
  • increases in _______ and ________ cause an increase in CO
A
  • increases
  • increases; sympathetic
  • increases; preload; CO
  • HR; SV
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15
Q

Walls of arteries and veins (but not the __________) have three layers (tunics)
1. _____________:
-
2. _____________:
-
-
-
3. _____________:
-

A

Capillaries
1. Tunica interna
- endothelial

  1. Tunica media
    - smooth muscle
    - collagen
    - elastic tissue
  2. Tunica externa
    - connective tissue
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16
Q

________ to __________ sized arterial specializations
- _____________________: at the border between internal and media
- _____________________: at the border between media and externa
- __________ during systole and ________ during diastole
- ______________ takes pressure off smaller downstream vessels
- ___________ maintains pressure during relaxation, keeps blood flowing

A

medium; large
- internal elastic lamina
- external elastic lamina
- expand; recoil
- expansion
- recoil

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17
Q

____________ are exchange vessels
- where __________, ___________,________, and ___________ pass between blood and tissue fluid
- composed of ___________ and ___________
- absent or scarce in ______________, _____________,_____________,___________ and, __________ of the eye

A

Capillaries
- gasses; nutrients; wastes; hormones
- endothelium; basal lamina
- tendons; ligaments; epithelia; cornea; lens

18
Q

Three capillary types distinguished by ___________
1.
2.
3.

A

permeability
1. Continuous capillaries
2. Fenestrated capillaries
3. Sinusoids

19
Q

Continuous capillaries
- Occur in _______ tissues and organs
- Endothelial cells have _________ junctions
- form a continuous tube with ____________ ______
- allow passage of solutes such as ________
- _________ wrap around the capillaries and contain the same contractile protein as _________
- contract and regulate blood flow

A
  • MOST
  • tight
    • intercellular clefts
    • glucose
  • pericytes; muscle
20
Q

Fenestrated capillaries
- Found in organs that require…….
- examples: ________, _________, __________
- Endothelial cells riddles with holes called _________ __________ (fenestration= windows, openings)
- spanned by very thin glycoprotein layer
- allow passage of only _______ molecules
- proteins and larger particles stay in bloodstream

A
  • rapid absorption and filtration
  • kidneys, small intestine, choroid plexus (CSF)
  • filtration pores
  • small
21
Q

Sinusoids
- found in ________, ________, __________
- ____________ blood-filled spaces with large ______________
- allow ________ (_________), __________ factors, and new ______ ______ to enter the circulation

A
  • liver, bone marrow, spleen
  • irregular; fenestrations
  • protein (albumin); clotting; blood cells
22
Q

Capillary beds are networks of ______ to ______ capillaries
- usually supplied by a single ________ or _______
- drain into _______ or distal end of __________
- at any given time, ____% of body’s capillaries are shut down
- most control involves constriction of _________ arterioles

A

10 to 100
- arteriole; metarteriole
- venule; metarteriole
- 75%
- upstream

23
Q

_______________ control blood flow in capillary beds supplied with _____________

A

precapillary sphincters;metarterioles

24
Q

Precapillary sphincter
- when sphincters are __________, capillaries are well perfused with blood
- when sphincter ________, they constrict the entry to the capillary and blood by passes the capillary

A
  • relaxed
  • contract
25
Q

________= “blood reservoirs”
- thin-walled and ________
- collapse when empty, expand easily
- have ______ blood flow (unlike pulses in arteries)
- subjected to relatively low ______ _______ (averages ____ mm Hg with little fluctuation)

A

Veins
- flaccid
- steady
- blood pressure (10 mm Hg)

26
Q

Variations in Circulatory Pathways
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Simplest pathway
  2. Portal System
  3. Anastomosis
27
Q

Simplest Pathway
- _________–> _______–> ________–> __________—>__________–>_________
- in this route, blood passes through _______ _______ network of capillaries from the time it leaves the heart until it returns

A
  • heart; arteries; arterioles; capillaries; venues; veins
  • ONLY ONE
28
Q

Portal system
- blood flows through ________ __________ capillary networks before returning to the heart
examples:
- between _____________ and ___________
- in __________
- between ____________ into _________

A
  • two consecutive
  • hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
  • kidneys
  • intestines; liver
29
Q

Anastomosis
- convergence between _____ ____________ other than capillaries

A
  • two vessels
30
Q
  • ______________: amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time (mL/min)
    • at rest, total flow is quite ________ and is ______ to the cardiac output (5.25 L/min)
  • ____________: flow per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time (mL/min/g)
A
  • Blood flow
    • constant; equal
  • Perfusion
31
Q

______________: physical principals of blood flow based on pressure and resistance
- The ________ the pressure difference between two points, the ________ the flow

  • The ___________ the resistance the ______ the flow
A
  • hemodynamics
  • greater; greater
  • greater; less
32
Q

__________________= average systemic pressure minus central venous pressure (the pressure in the large veins at the end of diastole, this is close to 0 mmHg)

A

pressure difference

33
Q

Three Factors of resistance
1.
- large blood vessel= ___________ resistance
- small blood vessel= ___________ resistance
2.
-
3.
- this _______ change on a moment to moment basis, but it is estimated for each pound of fat you gain, an estimated ______ miles of blood vessels are added!

A
  1. diameter of the blood vessel
    - less
    - more
  2. blood viscosity (thickness of blood)
    - increased viscosity, increased resistance
  3. Length of blood vessels
    - DOESN’T; 200
    (water flowing down a stream into a lake)-> (goes fast down a stream but slower once it hits the lake)
34
Q

Blood pressure (BP) two pressures:
1.
2.

  • normal value for young adult: __________ mm Hg
A
  1. Systolic
  2. Diastolic
    - 120/75
35
Q
  • _____________: important measure of driving force on circulation and of stress exerted on small arteries by pressure surges generated by the heart
  • ____________: average blood pressure that most influences risk level for _______, _________ (_________), ____________, ______________, and ____________
A
  • pulse pressure
  • mean arterial pressure (MAP)
    edema; fainting (syncope), atherosclerosis, kidney failure, aneurysm
36
Q

Formulas for
- Pulse pressure=
- Mean arterial pressure (MAP)=
- Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)=

A

PP= systolic - diastolic pressure
MAP= diastolic pressure + 1/3 (pulse pressure)
SVR= MAP/CO

37
Q

_______________
- high blood pressure
- Chronic resting BP > ________
- Consequences:
- can __________ arteries, cause _________, promote ____________

A

hypertension
- 140/90
- weaken; aneurysms; atherosclerosis

38
Q

____________
- chronic low resting BP
- caused by _______ _______, ____________, _________

A

hypotension
- blood loss; dehydration; anemia

39
Q

BP determined by three variables:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. cardiac output
  2. Blood volume
  3. resistance to flow
40
Q

_________________: opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart

A

peripheral resistance

41
Q

Blood viscosity
- ______ count and _______ concentration raise viscosity the most- _________ resistance (_______ flow)
- low viscosity with ________ and _____________, ________ flow
- high viscosity with _____________ and ___________, _____ flow

A
  • RBC; albumin; increase; decrease
  • anemia; hypoproteinemia; speeds
  • polycythemia; dehydration; slows
42
Q

Vessel length
- farther liquid travels through tube, the more cumulative friction it encounters
- pressure and flow _________ with distance

A
  • decline

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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