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BIOL 204 > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q
  • _____________: organs that produce the gametes (sperm)
    -men= _________
    -women= ________
    -_____________: organs other than gonands that are necessary for reproduction
A
  • primary sex organs (gonads)
    -testes
    -ovaries
  • secondary sex organs
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2
Q

Is the penis a primary or a secondary sex organ?

A

secondary, bc it does not produce gametes (sperm) but necessary for production

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3
Q

_________: is a pendulous pouch of skin, _______, and fibrous connective tissue containing the ________ and _________

A

scrotum; muscle; testes and epididymis

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4
Q

The Scrotum
- responsible for protecting the ______ & helps with the ___________ of the testicles
- provides a temperature ___-__ degrees Celsius LOWER than that of the body providing a suitable environment for _______ production

A
  • testes; thermoregulation
  • 2-3; sperm
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5
Q

Which reproductive organ are the dartos muscle and cremaster muscle located? _________
- dartos muscle contains ________ muscle
- cremaster muscle contains _______ muscle

A

testis
- smooth
- smooth and skeletal

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6
Q

The ________ muscle _______ more and the scrotum becomes taut and even more wrinkled which _______ surface area of the scrotum and blood flow to the scrotal skin, reducing _______ loss

A

dartos; CONTRACTS; decreases; heat

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7
Q

The _______ muscle lowers and rises the tests in order to control its temperature

A

cremaster

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8
Q
  • If you apply ice to the scrotum the _______ muscle ________ so the scrotum becomes _____ and even more ________
  • The ________ muscles will ________ drawing the testes ______ the body to keep them warm
A
  • dartos; contracts; taut; wrinkled
  • cremaster; contract; closer
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9
Q

In heat
- the ______ muscle ________ making the scrotal skin looser around testes, aiding in heat loss
- the _________ muscle ________ which makes the testes suspend farther from the body

A
  • dartos; relaxes
  • cremaster; relaxes
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10
Q

____________: network of veins found in the male spermatic cord and drain blood from the testicles epididymis

A

pampiniform plexus

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11
Q

The pampiniform plexus acts as a ____________ ________ ___________ to control the temperature of the artery supplying blood to the testicle

A

concurrent heat exchanger

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12
Q

Inflowing arterial blood to the testicles gets rid of heat to decrease temperature before entering by __________ that heat to the ______ of the pampiniform plexus that are surrounding the testicular artery which is cooler blood

A

TRANSFERING; veins

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13
Q

Testicular artery blood is _____ degrees Celsius and if this were to reach the testicle it would heat the testis and ________ sperm production

A

37; inhibit

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14
Q

______________: tightly coiled tubes within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs

A

seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

Seminiferous tubules have a narrow lumen lined by a _____ ___________ ________ that contains specialized cells that play crucial roles in ______ production

A

thick germinal epithelium; sperm

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16
Q

Where precisely does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules located in the testes

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17
Q

Leydig cells are located on the ________ of the (within the ________ ______) seminiferous tubules
- function is to produce ________

A

outside; interstitial space
- testosterone (primary male sex hormone)

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18
Q

Peritubular myoid cells are _______ ______ cells and they _________ the seminiferous tubules in the testes

A

smooth muscle; surround (forms the wall)

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19
Q

Sertoli cell= _____, _______, or ________ cell
- spans the _______ seminiferous epithelium

A

sustentacular; sustentocyte; nurse
- ENITRE

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20
Q

Three main functions of the Sertoli cells
1. establish and maintain the ______-_____ ________ through __________
2. provide ________ and _______ support to developing ______ cells
3. regulate _______ production: secretes _____________ and ________

A
  1. blood-testis barrier; tight junctions
  2. physical; nutritional; sperm
  3. sperm; androgen-binding protein (ABP); inhibin
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21
Q

Cell present in the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules
- ________ cells
- ________ cells
- ______________ cells surrounding the tubules
- __________ cells outside, within interstitial space separating tubules

A
  • sertoli
  • germ (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa)
  • peritubular myoid
  • leydig
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22
Q

Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of FSH (___________) and LH (___________) from the anterior pituitary gland= ___________

A

follicle-stimulating hormone; luteinizing hormone; GnHR= Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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23
Q

Cells in the testis targeted by
- FSH–>
- LH–>

A
  • sertoli cells
  • leydig cells
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24
Q
  • LH stimulates _______ cells to release ______
  • FSH acts on ______ cells of the testes to stimulate _____ _________ and the release of ___________ and _______
A
  • leydig; testosterone, which stimulates the development and maturation of sperm cells
  • sertoli; sperm production; androgen binding protein (ABP); inhibin
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25
Q

Androgen binding protein binds to ______, which acts like a reservoir: increasing ________ local concentration, making it more available for ___________

A

testosterone; testosterone; spermatogenesis

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26
Q

Inhibin is a hormone produced by the ________ cells in the testes
- it plays a critical role in the feedback loop that regulates _______ production and ultimately sperm production

A

sertoli
- FSH

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27
Q

High testosterone levels will _______ the release of LH and FSH

A

inhibits through negative feedback

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28
Q

____________: sequence of events that leads to formation of sperm (male gametes) in the seminiferous tubules
- Three process that this involves
1.
2.
3.
- which cells residing in the basal layer of the seminiferous tubules act as a starting point? ________

A

spermatogenesis
1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis (I and II)
3. Spermiogenesis
- spermatogonia

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29
Q

_____________: migrate to the testes during embryonic development and differentiate into spermatogonia; precursor to all ______ cells

A

primordial germ cells (PGCs); germ

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30
Q

Which germ cell in the testis acts as stem cells? __________

A

spermatogonia (singular= spermatogonium)

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31
Q
  • ________: refers to a cell containing one set of chromosomes (23), commonly denoted as ___
  • ________: refers to a cell containing two sets of chromosomes (the full, 46), commonly denotes as ____
A
  • haploid; n
  • diploid; 2n
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32
Q

Which germ cells are diploid in spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonia type A; type B; primary spermatocyte

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33
Q

During spermatogenesis that first germ cells to become haploid are ______________, but some researchers argue that they remain diploid because the sister chromatids remain attached. Therefore, for them, _________ are the first truly haploid germ cells to emerge

A

secondary spermatocytes; spermatids

34
Q
  • What type of cell division do spermatogonia TYPE A undergo to maintain the stem cell pool: _________
  • What type of cell divans does the primary spermatocyte undergo to be converted into a secondary spermatocyte: _________
A
  • mitosis
  • meiosis I
35
Q

After the secondary spermatocyte meiosis II, what is the name of the resulting cells? __________

A

spermatids (they are still connected to one another through cytoplasmic bridges)

36
Q
  • Which of the different cells that are part of the spermatogenesis process are closet to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules? __________
  • Which of the different cells are on the periphery, closet to the peritubular myoid cells? _____________
  • Which of those cells is known as the “sperm cell”? ____________
A
  • spermatozoa (spermatozoon singular)
  • spermatogonia (spermatogonium)
  • spermatozoa
37
Q

Place germ cells in order
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Spermatogonia Type A
  2. Spermatogoia Type B
  3. Primary spermatocyte
  4. Secondary spermatocyte
  5. Spermatid
  6. Spermatozoa
38
Q
  • Which germ cell in the testes experiences meiosis I? ___________
  • Which ones undergoes meiosis II? _________
A
  • Primary spermatocyte
  • Secondary spermatocyte
39
Q

_____________: the differentiation of the spermatids into spermatozoa (sperm cells)

A

spermiogenesis

40
Q

4 key events in spermiogenesis
1. _____________: DNA within the nucleus becomes tightly packaged to protect it
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Nuclear condensation
  2. Acrosome formation
  3. Tail formation (flagellum)
  4. Cytoplasmic shedding
41
Q

Have the testicular spermatozoa acquired the ability to move progressively and fertilize oocytes?

A

NO, they must go through an epididymal maturation process in the male, and capacitation in the female tract

42
Q

In the process of transformation from spermatids to spermatozoon..
- round spermatids transform into _______, _________ spermatozoa

A

mature; elongated

43
Q

____________: a cap-like structure (modified lysosome) over the sperm head that contains _______ used to penetrate the egg

A

acrosome; enzymes

44
Q

In the spermatozoon, where are the mitochondria located, in the head or tail?

A

middle piece of TAIL

45
Q

The ________ runs along the entire length of the tail of the spermatozoon
- it acts as the internal skeleton and ______ ________
- it is primarily composed of __________, tiny hollow tubes made of ________ (protein)

A

axoneme
- motility apparatus
- microtubules; tubulin

46
Q

The spermatozoon needs ATP because the _______ needs a lot of _______ to move the tail

A

axoneme; ENERGY

47
Q

3 erectile tissues of the penis, which one houses the urethra

A
  • Corpora cavernosa (2)
  • Corpus spongiosum: houses the urethra
48
Q

Corpora cavernosa
- contains _______ (large blood-filled spaces lined with endothelial cells) and ________ (interconnected bands of _______ muscle and connective tissue that separates the ______)

A
  • sinusoids; trabeculae; smooth; sinusoids
49
Q

Erection is achieved by the _________ of the ______ ________ sinusoids with ______

A

engorgement; corpora cavernosa; blood

50
Q

Division of the nervous system that control erection= ___________
- secretion of ___________—> _______ smooth muscle cells which allows the sinusoids to _______ and fill with ______

A

parasympathetic NS
- nitric oxide; relaxes; dilate; blood

51
Q
  • ___________: swelling of the genitals with blood
  • besides the corpus cavernosum…
    -_______: 50% larger during excitement
    -_______: swells but very LITTLE
A
  • vasocongestion
    -testes
    -corpus spongiosum
52
Q

Erection
- The signal (________) is released from nerve endings or from endothelial cells and activates the enzyme ______ _______, which produces ______

A
  • nitric oxide; guanylate cyclase; cGMP
53
Q

Erection
- cGMP stimulates a _______ that lead to smooth muscle _________ through a reduction in the intracellular _____ concentration which causes a ________ in blood flow promoting erection

A
  • protein kinase; relaxation; calcium (Ca2+); increase
54
Q

The erection subsides when cGMP is broken down by the enzyme ___________________

A

phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)

55
Q

Which prostaglandin has receptors in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum? ______
- upon its stimulation of its prostaglandin receptors, which enzyme does it activate? _______ which produces _______ from ATP

A

E1
- adenylyl cyclase; cAMP

56
Q

Function of cAMP in the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum
- acts similar to cGMP, _______ intracellular calcium levels
- plays a supportive but _______ role in the relaxation of smooth muscle with in the corpus caveronsum, influencing penile erection

A
  • decreasing
  • secondary
57
Q
  • ____________: propulsion of semen from the male duct system to reach the outside of the body, promoted by the _____________ NS
A
  • ejaculation; sympathetic
58
Q

Sperm are produced in the _______ ________ of the testes and after production, immature sperm cells move into the ________, a tightly coiled tube that sits on top of each testis

A

seminiferous tubules; epididymis

59
Q

Sequence of structures through which sperm passes from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis)
  2. Rete testis
  3. Efferent tubules
  4. Epididymis head
60
Q

Place where mature sperm is stored before ejaculation= ___________
- for how long? __________

A

tail of epididymis
- 40-60 days (they are viable for that long)

61
Q

Where do sperm mature and acquire the ability to move or swim? ___________

A

epididymis (mostly in the body)

62
Q

Three segments of the epididymis
1.
2.
3.
- which continues with the vas deferens?

A
  1. Head
  2. Body
  3. Tail
    - the tail
63
Q
  • ___________: network of efferent ducts; passage way for sperm after they leave the seminiferous tubules
  • ___________: a coiled tube that carries the sperm out of the testes; extension of the epididymis
A
  • rete testis
  • vas deferens
64
Q

Sequence of structures that the sperm cells must cross from the tail of the epididymis to reach the outside of the body
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. tail of epidermis
  2. vas deferens (ductus deferens)
  3. ejaculatory ducts
  4. urethra
65
Q

Which two ducts combine to form the ejaculatory duct?
1.
2.

A
  1. vas deference
  2. seminal vesicle (seminal gland)
66
Q

Gland contributing to semen composition
- _____________: 65-75%
- _____________: 20-30%
- _____________: 2-5%
- _____________: ~1%

A
  • seminal vesicle
  • prostate
  • tesits
  • cowper’s gland (aka bulbourethral gland)
67
Q

Which consistent of semen act as a source of nutrients for sperm cells, facilitating ATP production? _____and______ from the ___________ (_______ also by _________)

A

fructose, citrate; seminal vesicles (citrate also by prostate)

68
Q

Two functions of prostaglandins secreted by the _______ _______ into the semen
1.
2.

A

seminal vesicles
1. stimulate peristalsis ducts deferenes & uterus
2. inhibit sperm rejection by female immune system

69
Q

Two functions of calcium ion secreted by the ______ _______ into semen
1.
2.

A

seminal vesicles
1. stimulate sperm motility
2. stimulate enzyme release from acrosome

70
Q

Which gland produces prosemenogelin? is it active?

A

seminal vesicles, NO needs to be activated by clotting enzyme to semenolgelin

71
Q

PSA= ___________
- function: it _________ coagulated semen after delay

A

prostate-specific antigen
- liquifies

72
Q

Is PSA active in the prostate gland?

A

NO, its bound zinc ions so inhibited

73
Q

Bulbourthral gland= _________ gland
- secretes a clear, alkaline fluid called __________ (______+______)
- this ________ the head of the penis in preparation for intercourse

A

Cowper
- pre-ejaculate (mucus + buffer)
- lubricates

74
Q

Function of the buffer secreted by bulbourethral glands?
- protect the sperm by __________ the acidity of the males _______ and females _______

A
  • neutralizing; urethra; vagina
75
Q

Semen coagulate after ejaculation because __________ proteins from the seminal vesicles bind to _______ form the prostatic fluid, which produces a conformation change in the proteins structure leading to the formation of an insoluble, fibrous coagulum
- sperm are _________ in the coagulum

A
  • semenogelins; zinc
  • immobilized
76
Q

What is released from the prostate that degradates semenogelin, liquefying the semen again? ____________
- ______ ions have more affinity for _________ than for _______, so the decrease of free ______ ions produce activation of _____ so it can liquefy the semen

A

PSA
- zinc; semenogelin; PSA; zinc; PSA

77
Q
  • Physical stimulation of penis sends sensory signals via the _______ nerve to the spinal erection center
  • Erection-generating center located in the ________ segments of the spinal cord
A
  • pudendal
  • sacral
78
Q

Which division of the ANS elicits a response to the physical stimulation of the penis? _____________

A

parasympathetic- resulting in erection

79
Q

The _________ NS constricts the internal sphincter of the bladder during ejaculation to prevent the expulsion of _______ while ejaculating or the ______ of semen into the bladder

A

sympathetic; urnie; reflux

80
Q

The sympathetic NS
(1) _______ the bladder internal sphincter
(2) _______ reproductive ducts and accessory glands to empty their contents into the urethra

A
  • contracts
  • contracts
81
Q

The arrival of semen in the urethra triggers a _____ ______
- the _______ NS controls this process
- motor input to the ________ _______ at the base of the penis

A

spinal reflex
- somatic
- bubospongiosus muscles

82
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscles are found at the _____ of the penis
- during a reflex, it undergoes __-__ strong, spasmodic contractions that compress the _______ and forcibly expel the semen

A

BASE
- 5-6; urethra

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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