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BIOL 204 > Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q
  • In the initial stages of pregnancy, which organ serves as the primary source of pregnancy-related hormones? __________
  • Subsequently, which organ assumes control of hormone production? _________
A
  • corpus luteum (only first several weeks)
  • placenta
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2
Q

hCG= ___________
- prevents ________ of ______ ______ and stimulates its growth and _________ activity

A

human chorionic gonadotropin
- involution; corpus luteum; secretory

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3
Q

At what stage of pregnancy do hCG levels peak: early, mid, or late (around week 40)?

A

EARLY pregnancy

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4
Q

Placental lactogen (aka ______________)
- makes _______ more available to fetus and _____ _____ to the mom

A

human chorionic somatomammotropin
- glucose; fatty acids

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5
Q

Three functions of progesterone during pregnancy
1. __________ premature uterine contractions and menstruation
2. ___________ endometrial stromal cells differentiation into ______ cells –> preparing the lining for ___________
3. __________ mammary alveoli development

A
  1. inhibit
  2. stimulate; decidual; implantation
  3. stimulate
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6
Q

Which hormone prevents premature uterine contractions and menstruation during pregnancy?

A

progesterone

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7
Q

_____________: transformation of endometrial stroll cells into specialized decimal cells
- stimulated by ____________ hormone

A

decidualization
- progesterone

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8
Q

________ cells transform the endometrial lining into a receptive and supportive environment for the fertilized egg to ______

A

decidual; implant

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9
Q

At which stage of pregnancy do progesterone and estradiol levels peak: early, mid, or late (around week 40)?

A

both exhibit their highest concentrations in the LATE stages of pregnancy

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10
Q

At what stage of pregnancy does cortisol achieve its peak concentration? ____________
- ___________ mobilization of stored _______ sources to meet the growing needs of the fetus
- __________ development of the fetal ________

A

progressively rise throughout pregnancy, but have highest concentration in the late third trimester
- stimulate; energy
- stimulate; lungs

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11
Q

Are progesterone and estradiol synthesized during the initial weeks of pregnancy or only at the end?

A

THROUGHOUT pregnancy (initially low levels though)

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12
Q

_________: prepare the birth canal for a smooth delivery by softening the cervix and loosening pelvic ligaments
- produced by ______ _____, ________, and ________

A

relaxin
- corpus luteum; decidua; placenta

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13
Q

During pregnancy…
- tidal volume _________
- due to increased ________ demand
- growing uterus also pushes the ________ upwards, limiting its ability to fully contract and expand–> results in _______ (difficult breathing)

A
  • increases
  • oxygen
  • diaphragm; dyspnea
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14
Q

__________: enlarging uterus pressing upward on the stomach, causes the reflux of gastric contents into the __________

A

heartburn; esophagus

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15
Q

__________: enlarged twisted veins that appear bulging or rope-like just beneath the surface of the skin, typically occur in the ______

A

varicose veins; legs

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16
Q

Factors that contribute to hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and edema in pregnant women
- increase in total body _______, ______ volume (by up to 40-50%) and cardiac output
- this extra blood volume puts _______ pressure on the veins, particularly those in the lower body
- hormonal:______________ relaxes the smooth muscle walls of the veins
- uterus enlarges, it puts pressure on the major blood vessels in the ______, further hindering blood flow from the lower body back to the _______
- ________ (family history), excessive weight gain, standing or sitting for long periods

A

water; blood
- increased
- progesterone
- pelvis; heart
- genetics

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17
Q
  • What happens to total body water during pregnancy: increase or decrease?
  • what about blood volume, cardiac output, and urine volume?
A
  • increase
  • ALL INCREASE
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18
Q

Frequent urination and urgency common during pregnancy rise from a combination of factors
- increased _____ _____: more fluid processed by kidneys
- _____________ relaxes the smooth muscle tone in the _________ wall, making it contract more frequently even with a small amount of urine
- the growing uterus- physically compresses the ________

A
  • blood volume
  • progesterone; bladder
  • bladder
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19
Q

Factors that contribute to constipation during pregnancy
- hormonal changes, _________ relax smooth muscle throughout the body, including the _______ tract, allowing more water to be absorbed
- ________ from the growing uterus on the _____, making it harder to push stool out during bowel movements

A
  • progesterone; digestive
  • pressure; rectum
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20
Q

Two typical skin changes during pregnancy
- changes in _________ (such as the development of the _____ _____)
- _______ _______

A
  • pigmentation; linea nigra
  • stretch marks
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21
Q

Stretch marks during pregnancy due to a combination of factors
- ______ skin expansion during pregnancy
- hormonal: high ______ levels
-weaken ______ fibers: making skin more susceptible to tearing under tension
-decrease _______ production: limits the skin’s ability to recover from rapid expansion

A
  • rapid
  • cortisol
    -collagen
    -elastin
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22
Q

____________: a dark vertical line that appears on the abdomen during pregnancy
- caused by elevated levels of _______ and ________ stimulating hormone (MSH) which stimulate _________ to produce more ______ to specific located areas

A

linea nigra
- estrogen; melanocyte; melanoctytes; melanin

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23
Q

________: the physiological process that leads to the delivery of the baby (contraction and cervical changes leading to delivery)

A

labor

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24
Q

______________: irregular, relatively mild uterine contractions that occur during pregnancy, often without progressing to full labor

A

Braxton Hicks contractions; “false labor”

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25
Q

Towards the end of pregnancy, ________ levels surge
- this increases the number of _______ receptors in the uterus
- this increase in receptors enhances the responsiveness to _______ of the uterus, facilitating more effective __________ during labor

A

estrogen
- oxytocin
- oxytocin; contractions

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26
Q
  • What prompts the pituitary gland to release oxytocin just before labor onset?
  • Is oxytocin produced exclusively by the mother?
A
  • cervical stretching (increased pressure on the cervix)
  • no, also by the fetal pituitary gland
27
Q

2 functions that oxytocin play during labor
1. stimulates ________
2. situates ______ to release ________

A
  1. uterus contractions
  2. placenta; prostaglandins
28
Q
  • Ripening the cervix: ___________ help soften and thin out the cervix allowing the cervix to _______ (open wider) during labor for the baby to pass through
  • ___________ also stimulate more vigorous _________ of uterus
A
  • prostaglandins; dilate
  • prostaglandins; contractions
29
Q

Two factors responsible for inducing “TRUE” labor contractions
1.
2.

A
  1. oxytocin
  2. prostaglandins
30
Q

Mechanism behind the positive feedback loop between uterine contractions and oxytocin during labor
- the release of _______ triggering contraction, which then stimulate further ________ release, intensifying ________ until delivery occurs

A
  • oxytocin; oxytocin; contractions
31
Q

3 stages of labor
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Dilation stage
  2. Expulsion stage (delivery of baby)
  3. Placental stage (expulsion of placenta)
32
Q
  1. Dilation stage
    - __________ (thinning) of the cervix
    - __________ (widening) of the _________ ______ (reaching 10 cm)
    - this stage lasts from the onset of of rhythmic, strong contractions until the cervix is fully ________
    - during this stage, fetal membranes _______ and the ______ _____ is discharged (“breaking of waters”)
A
  • effacement
  • dilation; cervical canal
  • dilated
  • rupture; amniotic fluid
33
Q
  1. Expulsion stage
    - it lasts from _____ cervical dilation until _____ of the infant
    - the baby is said to be _______ when the top of its head is visible
    - baby is pushed out through the birth canal
  2. Placental stage
    - the _______ and other fetal ________ are expelled by uterine contractions
A
  • FULL; birth
  • crowning
  • placenta; membranes
34
Q

What is the maximum diameter that the cervix can dial to during labor?

A

10 cm

35
Q

The placenta and other fetal membranes are expelled from the body after delivery in the ________ stage of labor, aided by uterine _______ and sometimes _______ interventions

A

placental; contractions; medical

36
Q

Stage of puerperium, aka as the ________ period, begins immediately after childbirth and lasts for about ________, during which the body of the mother undergoes various physiological changes to recover from pregnancy and childbirth (_________ organs return to their original non pregnant condition)

A

postpartum; 6 weeks; reproductive

37
Q

________ is the vaginal discharge containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue that occurs after childbirth as the uterus sheds its lining (________ by self-digestion with _______ _______)

A

lochia; involution; lysosomal enzymes

38
Q

Uterus undergoes _________ (shrinkage) in the weeks following labor because the _______ _______ ______ that make up the bulk of the uterus _______ and become more compact, reducing the overall size of the organ
- it also involves the process called _______, which is the self-digestion of excess uterine tissue by ______ ______ produced by the very cells themselves

A

invocation; smooth muscle fibers; shorten
- autolysis; lysosomal enzymes

39
Q

_____________: this is the technical term for the milk-producing gland itself; consists of lobes, lobules (milk producing units), ducts, and supportive tissue
___________: mound of tissue overlying the pectorals major muscle

A
  • mammary gland
  • breast
40
Q

Name of the muscle situated beneath the breast?

A

pectorals major (make up the chest wall)

41
Q

Breast size is determined by the amount of ______ ______
- the number of _______ _______ is relatively constant throughout life

A

adipose tissue
- mammary glands

42
Q

_______________: vital role in maintaining breast shape; attach breast to the dermis and to the fasica of the ________ ______
- prevents breast from _______ due to gravity

A

suspensory ligaments; pectoralis major
- sagging

43
Q
  • _____________ ______: tiny tubes; transport produced breast milk from the lobules where it’s made, all the way to the ________
  • ___________ _____: may not be distinct anatomical structures, but rather ___________ widening of the _______ ______ near the nipple that occur during location to accommodate increased milk flow
A
  • lactiferous ducts; nipple
  • lactiferous sinuses; temporary; lactiferous ducts
44
Q

Mammary gland
- _________: larger milk production sections within the breast; contain clusters of ________, which those contain milk-producing _______ (glands)

A
  • lobe; lobules; alveoli
45
Q

_________: in the mammary gland are, they are the sac-like structure where milk production actually happens, literally means “little cavity” in latin

A

alveoli

46
Q

Cells present in the alveoli of the mammary gland
- ___________: milk-secreting cuboidal cells
- __________: ________ are surrounded by these (they are contractile cells)

A
  • lactocytes
  • myoepitherlial cells; lactocytes
47
Q
  • which cells found in the alveoli of the mammary gland are responsible for milk production? _______
  • which cells help with milk secretion from the alveoli? ______
A
  • lactocytes
  • myoepithelial cells
48
Q

After the lactocytes produce milk it is secreting into the _______, the central cavity of the alveolus, where they accumulate

A

LUMEN

49
Q

__________ are tiny, bulb-like structures formed at the tips of the ductal tree within the mammary gland during ________

A

Terminal End Bulbs (TEB); puberty

50
Q

TEBs
- the sites where new _____ _____ sprout and elongate
- they contain a cluster of _____ that actively divide and __________

A
  • ductal branches
  • cells; differentiate
51
Q

____________: are small bulges that appear on the terminal ducts at _________ and mark the beginning of the ________ formation process

A

alveolar buds; puberty; alveoli

52
Q

Which hormone is crucial in facilitating ductal elongation, branching of existing ducts, and the emergence of alveolar buds at puberty?

A

estrogens (high levels at puberty)

53
Q

During pregnancy what happens within the mammary gland
- _____________: formation and development of alveoli
- ___________ ________: transformation of epithelial cells within the alveoli to become specialized for milk production
- these processes are stimulated by _________ (mostly) but also ________ and _______

A
  • alveologenesis
  • lactogenic differentiation
  • progesterone; placental lactogens; prolactin
54
Q

What happens within the mammary gland during lactation?
- the ______ are fully matured and the _______ are able to synthesize and secrete milk components into the _____

A
  • alveoli; lactocytes; lumen
55
Q

If a woman discontinues breastfeeding her baby, does she retain alveoli throughout her life thereafter?

A

Yes, but while the alveoli remain, their functionality is limited after location stops
- they will NOT continue to produce milk without hormonal cues triggered by pregnancy and breastfeeding
- during involution, the alveoli shrink significantly

56
Q

Do men contain mammary glands?

A

Yes, but they remain underdeveloped throughout life

57
Q

Can a non-pregnant woman produce breast milk?

A

NO, milk production is primarily driven by hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation

58
Q

Can a pregnant woman produce breast milk during the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

NO, milk production is primarily driven by hormones like progesterone and prolactin which sure significantly later in pregnancy
- alveoli are still undergoing development during the first trimester

59
Q

_________: the process by which mammals produce milk to feed their young
- it comprises milk production by _________, secretion into the alveolar _____, transport form the alveoli to the nipple via the ________ _____, and expulsion from the nipple

A

lactation
- lactocytes; lumen; lactiferous ducts

60
Q

The primary trigger for prolactin and oxytocin release is the _______ _______ at the breast
- the gland that secretes both prolactin and oxytocin= __________

A

baby’s suckling
- pituitary gland

61
Q
  • ___________: stimulates milk synthesis by mammary alveolar cells
  • ___________: stimulate contraction of the myoepithelial cells produces milk ejection
A
  • prolactin
  • oxytocin
62
Q

________ breast feeding is REQUIRED for continued milk production

A

CONTINUED

63
Q

___________: thick, yellowish fluid produced by the mammary glands in the first few days (usually up to ___ days) after childbirth

A

colostrum; 4

64
Q
  • Colostrum contains more _______, _________, ________, and _______ than does true milk
  • True milk is produced around day ____ in response to suckling and has high ______ and ______ levels
A
  • protein; immunoglobulins; vitamin A; minerals
  • 3; fat; lactose

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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