Lecture 1

Question 1

arteries= ________ from heart
veins= ________ the heart

Answer 1

away
towards

Question 2

• Cardiovascular system=
• Circulatory system=

Answer 2

• heart and blood vessels
• heart, blood vessels, and the blood

Question 3

The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits:
________ side of the heart= ___________ circuit
- fully oxygenated blood arrives from lungs via _____________ _______
- blood sent to all ______ of the body via ______

______ side of the heart= ____________ circuit
- oxygen poor (deoxygenated) blood arrives from superior and inferior _______ ______
- blood sent to the lungs via ___________ ________

Answer 3

left= systemic
- pulmonary veins
- organs; aorta

right= pulmonary
- vena cava
- pulmonary trunk (artery)

Question 4

Systemic circulation:
- ________ ventricle
- aorta (ascending, arch, descending)
- systemic capillaries
- ______ _______ (superior and inferior)
- _______ atrium

Pulmonary circulation:
- _______ ventricle
- pulmonary trunk to palm arteries
- pulmonary _________ (gas exchange)
- pulmonary veins
- _______ atrium

Answer 4

• left
• vena cava
• right
• right
• capillaries
• left

Question 5

• Heart is located in ______________, between lungs
• _______= wide, superior portion of heat, large vessels attach here
• ______= tapered inferior end, tilts to the left
• at any age, heart is SIZE of ______

Answer 5

• mediastinum
• base
• apex
• fist

Question 6

_____________= double-walled sac that encloses the heart
- allows heart to beat without ________, provides room to expand, yet resists excessive expansion.
- anchored to _________ inferiorly & _________ anteriorly

Answer 6

pericardium
- friction
- diaphragm; sternum

Question 7

• _________ pericardium: outer wall, not attached to heart
• _________ pericardium: 2 layers
  1. __________ layer: lines fibrous pericardium
  2. ___________ layer: (epicardium) covering heart surface
• ___________ ________: space between parietal and visceral layers, filled with ____ to ____ mL of _________ _________
• ____________ painful inflammation of the membranes

Answer 7

• fibrous
• serous
  1. parietal
  2. visceral
• pericardial cavity; 5-30; pericardial fluid
• pericarditis

Question 8

Heart wall has three layers: __________, ____________, and _____________

Answer 8

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 9

______________ (same as the visceral layer of the serous pericardium)
- serious membrane covering heart
- adipose in thick layer in some places
- coronary ________ _________ travel through this layer

Answer 9

epicardium
- blood vessels

Question 10

_______________
- _________ inner lining of heart and blood vessels
- covers the ______ surfaces and is continuous with endothelium of blood vessels

Answer 10

endocardium
- smooth
- valve

Question 11

____________
- layer of cardiac muscle proportional to _________
- muscle spirals which produces wringing motion, _______ of the heart
- makes up _________ _________ of the heart: framework of collagenous and elastic fibers
- provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and anchor for valve tissue
- electrical insulation between atria and ventricles; important in timing and coordination of contractile activity

Answer 11

myocardium
- workload
- vortex
- fibrous skeleton

Question 12

The four chambers of the heart:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 12

1. right atrium
2. right ventricle
3. left atrium
4. left ventricle

Question 13

Right and left ________
- two superior chambers
- receive blood returning to heart
- _________ (seen on surface) enlarge chambers

Answer 13

atria
- auricles

Question 14

Right and left __________
- two inferior chambers
- pump blood into _________

Answer 14

ventricles
- arteries

Question 15

• ______________: wall that separates atria
• ______________: muscular wall that separates ventricles

Answer 15

• interatrial septum
• interventricular septum

Question 16

Structures seen from the inside
1.
2.

Structures seen from the outside
1.
2.
3.

Answer 16

1. interatrial septum
2. Interventricular septum

1 coronary sulcus
2 anterior interventricular sulcus
3 posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 17

Valves ensure _____-______ flow of blood through the hear
- _________________ valves: control blood flow between atria and ventricles
- Right AV valve has ______ cusps (TV, __________)
- Left AV valve has _____ cusps (MV, ____________)

Answer 17

one-way
- atrioventricular (AV)
- 3; tricuspid valve
- 2; mitral valve

Question 18

_____________________: tendinous cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles on floor of ventricles
- they prevent AV valves from _________ or ________ into atria when ventricles contract

Answer 18

Chordae Tendineae
- flipping; bulging

Question 19

_____________ valves: control flow into great arteries; open and close because of __________ and ______________
- _____________________ valve: in opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
- _____________________ valve: in opening between left ventricle and aorta

Answer 19

semilunar; blood flow and pressure
- pulmonary semilunar
- aortic semilunar

Question 20

Blood flow through the chambers
1. Blood enters right ______ from superior and inferior ______ _______
2. Blood in right _______ flows through right ______ valve (________ valve) into right _________
3. Contraction of right _________ forces pulmonary valve to open
4. Blood flows through pulmonary valve to ____________ ________
5. Blood is distributed by right and left pulmonary _________ to the ______, where it unloads CO2 and loads _______
6. Blood returns from _______ via pulmonary _______ to left ________
7. Blood in left _______ flows through left _____ valve into left ____________
8. Contraction of left ventricle forces _________ valve to open
9. Blood flows through _______ valve into __________ ________
10. Blood in aorta is distributed to every _______ in the body, where it unloads O2 and loads _____
11. Blood returns to right ______ via ______ _______

Answer 20

1. atrium; venae cavae
2. atrium; AV (tricuspid); ventricle
3. ventricle
4. pulmonary trunk
5. arteries; lungs; O2
6. lungs; veins; atrium
7. atrium; AV; ventricle
8. aortic
9. aortic; ascending aorta
10. organ; CO2
11. atrium; venae cavae

Question 21

The heart needs oxygen to sustain its workload
- ____% of blood pumped by heart is pumped to the heart itself through the ________ ___________

Answer 21

5%; coronary circulation

Question 22

_________________: chest pain from _________ obstruction of coronary blood flow

Answer 22

angina pectoris; partial

Question 23

____________ ____________: sudden death of a patch of ____________ resulting from ______-_______ obstruction of coronary circulation
- aka “_________ __________”
- responsible for about ___% of all deaths in the U.S

Answer 23

Myocardial infarction (MI); myocardium long-term
- heart attack
- 27%