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BIOL 204 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Acid-Base Balance: a state in which the ______ of the body fluids is homeostatically regulated within this range (_____ to _____)
- __________: condition where characterized by an excess of acid in the body, leading to a _______ pH level
- ________: condition marked by an excess of alkali or base in the body, resulting to a ________ pH level

A

pH; 7.35-7.45
- acidosis; lower
- alkalosis; higher

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2
Q

_________ acid: those acids produced in the body from __________
- ex: __________ _____

A

volatile; carbon dioxide (CO2)
- carbonic acid

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3
Q

__________(_____) acids: acids that ______ be expelled as gases through respiratory means, but instead need to be eliminated through _____; all are produced from anything other than _____
- examples:
-_________ _____ (anaerobic fermentation)
-_________ _____ (nucleic acid catabolism)
- _________ and ________ (fat catabolism)

A

non-volatile (fixed); CANNOT; urine; CO2
- lactic acid
- phosphoric acids
- fatty acids; ketones

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4
Q

how is blood pH kept within a narrow range when our bodies are constantly producing acid? ________ ________
types:
1.
2.

A

Buffer Systems
1. Chemical
2. Physiological

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5
Q

The initial, secondary, and tertiary buffering systems
1st: ___________ (takes ______)
2nd: ____________ (takes ___to_____)
3rd: ____________ (takes _____ to _______) the body’s most potent acid-base regulatory system

A

1st: chemical buffers (seconds)
2nd: Respiratory system (min to hours)
3rd: Urinary system (days to weeks)

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6
Q

What two organ systems play an essential role in maintaining acid-base balance? (physiological buffers)
1.
2.

A
  1. Respiratory system (lungs)
  2. Urinary system (kidneys)
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7
Q

Chemical buffer: single or pairs sets (a weak acid and its salt) of molecules that act rapid to resist excessive shifts in pH by _______ or ______ _____
Three main chemical buffer systems in the body
1. ____________: important in _____

  1. ____________: very effective buffer in _____ and in _____
  2. ____________: important in _____ and _____
A

releasing; binding; H+
1. Bicarbonate buffer system; ECF
2. Phosphate buffer system; urine; ICF
3. Protein buffer system; ECF; ICF

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8
Q

Chemical buffers role in regulating blood pH is ______ because they DON’T _______ or ____ H+ to the body
- they provide only a ________ and ________ relief by quickly biding or realizing H+
- prolonged or severe disturbances in pH require _______ and ______ adjustments

A

LIMITED; eliminate; add
- immediate; temporary
- respiratory; renal

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9
Q
  • Bicarbonate buffer system is more critical in ______
  • Phosphate buffer system is more critical in _____ (also in ______)
A
  • ECF
  • ICF; urine
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10
Q
  • If the pH of a solution decreases, the concentration of H+ in the solution ________
  • If the pH of a solution increases, the concentration of H+ in the solution ________
  • pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution and is defined as the _______ ______ (base 10) of the ____ ion concentration in the solution
    -bases _____ H+
    -acids _____ H+
A
  • increases
  • decreases
  • negative logarithm; hydrogen
    -accept
    -donate
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11
Q
  • Which group in a protein act as an acid? ________
    because it can ______ H+
  • Which group in a protein act as a base? _______
    because it can ______ H+
A
  • carboxyl group; release
  • amino group; accept
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12
Q

When the body experiences alkalosis, how do proteins help restore the acid-base balance?
- alkalosis= _______ pH, ______ H+
- the ________ group (acting as an _____) can ______ H+…. therefore ________ the pH to normal ranges

A
  • high; low
  • carboxyl; acid; donate; lowering
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13
Q

When the body experiences acidosis, how do proteins help restore the acid-base balance?
- acidosis= _________ pH, _______ H+
- the ________ group (acting as a _____) can ______ H+… therefore ______ the pH to normal ranges

A
  • low; high
  • amino; base; accept; increasing
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14
Q
  • Chemical formula for carbonic acid=
  • Chemical formula for bicarbonate ion=
A
  • H2CO3
  • HCO3-
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15
Q

equation for the bicarbonate carbonic acid buffering system

A

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) –> HCO3- (bicarbonate base) + H+

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16
Q
  • carbonic acid (H2CO3) is formed in our body through the combination of ________ with ________ in a _________ reaction
  • this reaction is catalyze by the enzyme ______ __________, which is present in various tissues, including _______
  • in equilibrium, carbon acid is in balance with __________ and this equilibrium is essential for maintaining the acid-base balance in the body
A
  • carbon dioxide; water; reversible
  • carbonic anhydrase; RBCs
  • carbon dioxide
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17
Q

why is it essential to eliminate CO2?

A

because it helps regulate the acid-base balance in the body

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18
Q
  • Which component acts as an acid (=H+ donor) in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system? __________
  • Which component acts as a base (=H+ acceptor)? ________
A
  • carbonic acid
  • bicarbonate
19
Q

Suppose there is an excess of acid (H+) in the blood (=acidosis or acidemia), and the _________ ion accepts those extra H+ of the solution…
- this would lead the pH to __________, because the ion is reducing the free H+

A

bicarbonate
- increase

20
Q

Suppose there is a deficiency of acid (H+) or excess of a base in the blood (=alkalosis or alkalemia), and the ___________ donates H+ to the solution (releases the H+)…
- this would lead the pH to ________, because more H+ are being released into the blood

A

carbonic acid; decrease

21
Q
  • what is the way the body get rid of volatile acid? _________
  • what is the way the body gets rid of fixed acid?
    ________
  • can the respiratory get rid of increase fixed acids in blood? __________
A
  • respiratory system (eliminate CO2 breathing)
  • Through the urine (urinary system)
  • NO, only volatile acids
22
Q
  • the organ that maintains bicarbonate levels in blood= __________
  • the organ that maintains CO2 levels in blood= ________
A
  • kidneys
  • lungs
23
Q

Hyperventilation (_______ in respiratory rate) causes an _________ in removal of CO2
- As CO2 combines with water to form ________ ____ (H2CO3) by expelling more CO2, the concentration of carbonic acid ________, shifting the equation to the _____
- ________ in H2CO3 leads to a ________ in H+ concentration
- __________ CO2 and H+ levels contribute to the ________ of pH (=_________)

A

increase; increase
- carbonic acid; decreases; LEFT
- decrease; decrease
- decreased; increase (=respiratory alkalosis)

24
Q

A decrease in breathing rate causes a ________ in the removal of CO2
- we retain more CO2 in the body and more ________ will be formed, shifting the equation to the _________, which leads to ________ in H+
- _________ CO2 and H+ levels contribute to the ________ in pH (=____________)

A

decrease
- H2CO3 (carbonic acid); RIGHT; increase
- increased; decrease (=respiratory acidosis)

25
Q

Reabsorption of bicarbonate in the renal tubule is always tied to the secretion of _____

A

H+

26
Q

The goal of reabsorbing H+ from the urine is to counteract ___________

A

alkalosis (low H+ in blood)

27
Q

The goal of reabsorbing more bicarbonate ions form the urine is to counteract ___________

A

acidosis

28
Q
  • goal of secreting more H+ in the urine is to counteract ________ (here is will bind to buffers such as bicarbonate, phosphate, or ammonia to neutralize it in order not to damage the tubules)
  • goal of secreting bicarbonate ions in the urine is to counteract ________
A
  • acidosis
  • alkalosis
29
Q

Three transport proteins of the renal tubule that are related to acid-base regulation
1. ________: located in PCT
2. ________: located in alpha-intercalated cells (in CD)
3. ________: located in alpha-intercalated cells (in CD)

A
  1. Na+/H+ exchanger
  2. K+/H+ ATPase
  3. H+ ATPase
30
Q

In order to reabsorb bicarbonate ions from the lumen of the renal tubule, it must be decomposed to water and CO2 because…
- the renal tubules are _______ of reabsorbing HCO3- directly (not ________ to it) so they must transform it to CO2

A
  • incapable; permeable
31
Q

H+ is secreted into the renal tubule coming from the ____________ of ________ inside the renal tubular cell

A

decomposition; H2CO3 (carbonic acids)

32
Q

4 steps for reabsorption of HCO3- (and H+ secretion) in the PCT
1. the ________ _______ or exchanger, exchanges ____ (is being reabsorbed) by ____. Almost all ___ secreted into tubular lumen bind to _______

  1. ____________ decomposes H2CO3 to H2O and CO2
  2. ________ enters the tubular cell and react with water forming _________ inside the cell
  3. ____________ is decomposed into H+ (which is secreted into the lumen) and ________ (which is recovered to the ______)
A
  1. Na+/H+ antiporter; Na+; H+; H+; HCO3-
  2. Carbonic anhydrase
  3. CO2; H2CO3
  4. H2CO3; HCO3-; plasma
33
Q
  • What metabolic changes would you check to see for acid-base balance? the concentration of ___________ ion in the blood
  • What respiratory changes would you look for to see for acid-base balance disruption? changes in ______
A
  • bicarbonate (H2CO3-)
  • PCO2
34
Q
  • What acid-base disorder occurs with an elevated PCO2? ____________
  • what acid-base disorder occurs with a decreased PCO2? ____________
A
  • respiratory acidosis
  • respiratory alkalosis
35
Q
  • Which acid-base disorder arises with an elevated HCO3-? __________
  • Which acid-base disorder develops when there is a decreased HCO3-? ___________
A
  • metabolic alkalosis
  • metallic acidosis
36
Q

What are two ways that metabolic acidosis can occur?
1.
2.

What are two ways that metabolic alkalosis can occur?
1.
2.

A
  1. loss of HCO3-
  2. ## Gain of acids (H+)1.Excess of HCO3-
  3. Loss of acids (H+)
37
Q

Which organ system(s) compensates for acid-base disorders, whether of metabolic or respiratory origin?
- __________ compensations involve changes in respiratory rate and depth -> attempts to compensate for ________ acid-base imbalances
- ________ compensations modify blood levels of HCO3- –> works to correct imbalances caused by _________ disorders

A
  • respiratory; metabolic
  • renal; respiratory
38
Q
  • how do the lungs compensate for metabolic alkalosis? _________ the respiratory rate and depth, leading to an _______ in CO2
  • how do the lungs compensate for metabolic acidosis? _________ the respiratory rate and depth, facilitating the elimination of excess CO2 (_______ pCO2)
A
  • decrease; increase
  • increase; decrease
39
Q
  • how do the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis? by ______ the excretion of __________ ions in the urine
  • how do the kidneys compensate for respiratory alkalosis? by _________ excretion of __________ ions in the urine
A
  • reducing; bicarbonate
  • increasing; bicarbonate
40
Q

Causes of..
- respiratory acidosis:
- metabolic acidosis:

A
  • inhibition of respiratory center; lung damage; airway obstruction
  • diarrhea, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure
41
Q

Causes of…
- respiratory alkalosis:
- metabolic alkalosis:

A
  • high altitude (decreased O2), anxiety
  • overuse of antacids (e.g. bicarbonate), vomiting gastric contents
42
Q

Respiratory disorders that cause…
- respiratory acidosis:
- respiratory alkalosis:

A
  • lung damage, airway obsturction (decrease ventilation)
  • anxiety, high altitude (increase hyperventilation)
43
Q

Metabolic disorders that result in
- metabolic acidosis:
- metabolic alkalosis:

A
  • renal failure (decrease acid elimination), diabetic ketoacidosis (increase acid production)
  • vomiting gastric contents, overuse of antacids

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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