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BIOL 204 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

The small intestine is anchored in the body by the __________ (a fold of peritoneum, a membrane lining the abdominal cavity)

3 main regions of the small intestine in order
1.
2.
3.

A

mesentery
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

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2
Q
  • Region of the small intestine that receives the chyme= __________
  • Region of the small intestine that receives the pancreatic juice and bile= ________
  • what function does the ileum serve? absorption of __________ and reabsorption of _________
A
  • duodenum
  • duodenum
  • vitamin B12; bile salts
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3
Q
  • The duodenum neutralizes acidic chyme through the _____________ which secrete ________- rich mucus
  • neutralizing acidic chyme serves to safeguard the _______ of the small intestine from potential damage induced by acid content, while also promoting ________ enzyme activity
A
  • duodenal glands; bicarbonate
  • lining; optimal
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4
Q
  • Majority of nutrient digestion and absorption takes place in the _________ of the small intestine
A

jejunum

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5
Q

Advantages that circular folds, vili, and microvilli provide to the digestive process
- collectively enhance the _________ and __________ of the small intestine, optimizing the __________ of nutrients during the digestive process

A
  • surface area; functionality; absorption
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6
Q

___________: lymphoid follicles, mainly B-cells
- found in the lining of the small intestine particularly in the _______

A

Peyer’s patches
- ileum

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7
Q

_____________: sphincter controlling flow from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine (_____ way valve)
______ of the small intestine

A

ileocecal valve; ONE
END

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8
Q

___________: at the lower end of the stomach; it regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum
______ of the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter
START

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9
Q

Two types of motility in the small intestine
1. ________: promotes mechanical breakdown and mixing of chyme with digestive juices and bile
2. __________: short-distance; slow propulsion

A
  1. Segmentation
  2. Perstalsis
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10
Q

3 structures that enhance the absorptive surface area of the small intestine going large to small
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. circular folds
  2. villi
  3. microvilli
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11
Q

Two types of epithelial cells that make up the covering of a villus
1.
2.

A villus contains ________ and _______ which aid in the absorption of nutrients form the small intestine into the bloodstream

A
  1. enterocytes (absorptive cells)
  2. goblet cells

blood vessels; lacteal

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12
Q

________ corresponds to a finger-like projection (will increase absorptive surface area) , while a ______ corresponds to a pit of invagination (houses the intestinal glands)

A

villus; crypt

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13
Q
  • another name for absorptive cells=
  • another name for intestinal glands=
A
  • enterocytes
  • crypts
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14
Q

What constitutes the brush border on the surface of each enterocyte? ________ (tiny fingerlike projections) which contain brush border ________ (role in digestion)

A

microvilli; enzymes

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15
Q

Five major types of cells found in the mucosal epithelium of the intestinal crypts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Goblet cells
  2. Enterocytes
  3. Enteroendocrine cells
  4. Paneth cells
  5. Stem cells
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16
Q
  • Role of enterocytes covering the villi in the small intestine= ________ and _______ absorption
  • Role of enterocytes covering the crypts in the small intestine= secretion of __________ (water and mucus)
A
  • nutrient; electrolytes
  • intestinal juce
17
Q

Paneth cells are found in the intestinal ______ at the BASE and they secrete _________ _______ (including _______)

A

crypts; antimicrobial peptides (lysozyme)

18
Q

Where are the hormones Secretin and CCK produced in the small intestine?
- produced by ___________ cells in the mucosal lining of the small intestine (crypt), specifically in the _________ and _________ regions
- specifically by _______ cells and _____ cells

A
  • enteroendocrine; duodenum; jejunum
  • S (secretin cells); I (enteroendocrine cells producing cholecystokinin-CCK)
19
Q

Three juices in the small intestine
1.
2.
3. _________: produces by specialized glands in the lining of the small intestine, specifically in the ________ of the __________ region

A
  1. Bile
  2. Pancreatic juice
  3. Intestinal juice; mucosa; duodenum
20
Q

4 factors that stimulate the release of intestinal juice
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Presence of chyme
  2. Acidic pH of chyme
  3. hormonal regulation (secretin and CCK)
  4. mechanical distention of the intestinal wall
21
Q

Sequence of regions in the large intestine
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Sigmoid colon
  6. Rectum
22
Q

Two main functions of the large intestine
1. absorption of _______ (_____, ____, ____)generated by ________ action
2. absorption of ______/_______ and _______ intestinal contents into feces

A
  1. vitamins (K, B5, B7); bacterial
  2. water/electrolytes; compact
23
Q

The intestinal crypts of the large intestine contain _______ goblet cells because they produce _______ which eases the passage of ______ and protects the intestinal walls from irritating _____ and gases released by resident _______

A

INCREASED; mucus; feces; acids; bacteria

24
Q
  • Does the large intestine have circular folds or intestinal villi? _______ because most of the food is absorbed _______ reaching the large intestine
  • Does the large intestine have intestinal crypts? _____
A
  • NO; before
  • YES
25
Q
  • The vermiform appendix is a finger-like projection attached to the ______ of the large intestine
  • plays a role in the ______ system (it contains lymphoid tissue)
A
  • cecum
  • immune
26
Q

____________: 3 distinct longitudinal bands of smooth longitudinal muscle from the musclaris externa that run along the outer surface of the _________
- these bands contribute to the formation of the _______, the pouches seen in the wall of the colon

A

Taenia coli; large intestine
haustra

27
Q

Haustra are sacculations or pouches that characterize the wall of the colon; they are formed by the contraction of ___________ and contribute to the ________ and movement of fecal material through the digestive tract

A

teniae coli; segmentation

28
Q

_____________: sacs of fat in the _______ ; found along the external surface of the large intestine
- function: _________, but normal anatomical structures

A

omental appendages; serosa
- UNKNOWN

29
Q
  • ___________: rhythmic contractions of the colon, particularly in the areas known as _______ (every ___ min)
  • function is to facilitate the ______ and ________ of contents within the ______, aiding in the absorption of ________ and ________
  • stimulus that promotes this is _________ of a ________ with ________
A
  • Haustral contractions; haustra (30 min)
  • mixing; segmentation; haustra; water; electrolytes
  • distension; haustrum; feces
30
Q

______________: happens ___-____ times a day and they are slow, powerful contractions that move undigested waste over _______ areas of the colon to the ________ for defecation

A

Mass peristalsis (movements); 3-4; LARGE; rectum

31
Q

Two sphincters located in the anal canal
1. ___________: composed of _______ muscle so ________
2. ____________: composed of _______ muscle so _______

A
  1. internal anal sphincter; smooth; NOT voluntary
  2. external anal sphincter; skeletal; voluntary
32
Q

Designation for the opening at the end of the anal canal= _______

A

anus

33
Q

Defecation reflex is a involuntary response (______ reflex) that leads to the elimination of _______ from the _____
- it is initiated by the ________ of the rectal walls due to the accumulation of fecal material, which is detected by ____________

A

spinal; feces; rectum
- distention; stretch receptors

34
Q

Division of the ANS that regulates the defecation reflex= ___________
- __________ of the internal anal sphincter
- ________ of the rectum

A

parasympathetic
- relaxation
- contraction

35
Q
  • The gut microbiome refers to all the _______________ living in your digestive system
  • its a _________ ________, ________ to each person, population by __________ (bacteria, fungi, etc.)
  • particularly in the ______, ________, and _________
A
  • microorganisms
  • microscopic ecosystem; unique; trillions
  • stomach; small intestine; large intestine
36
Q

The gut microbiome…
- prevent the _________ of __________ __________ by competing for nutrients and adhesion sites
- breakdown complex _________ and dietary _______
- ferment dietary _______, creating anti-inflammatory ______-______ __________ ________ (such as butyrate) that nourish the gut lining
- synthesize vitamins _____ and ____
- stimulate the ________ system

A
  • overgrowth; harmful bacteria
  • carbohydrates; fibers
  • fibers; short-chain fatty acids
  • B and K
  • immune
37
Q
  • ________ bacteria refers to a group of bacteria that primarily inhabit the gastrointestinal tract
  • the ____________ contains the highest concentration of these (about ______ species) mostly in the colon
A
  • enteric
  • large intestine; 800

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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