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BIOL 204 > Lecture 24 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Which tube connects the ovaries to the uterus? __________

A

fallopian tube (aka uterine tube or oviducts)

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2
Q

Sequential parts of the uterine tube (fallopian tube/oviducts) starting at the ovaries end
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. infundibulum
  2. ampulla
  3. isthmus
  4. uterine part
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3
Q

_________: finger-like projections that act like a funnel, increasing the chances of the egg entering the fallopian tube
- they contain ciliate cells that create a current that gently sweeps the captures egg towards the _________

A

fimbriae; ampulla

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4
Q

Three regions of the uterus
1.
2.
3.

Three layers constituting the uterine wall
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. ## cervix
  4. Perimetrium
  5. Myometrium
  6. Endometrium (innermost)
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5
Q

The myometrium is primarily composed of _______ muscle

A

SMOOTH

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6
Q
  • ____________: narrow passage that runs through the cervix which connects the end part of the uterus to the vagina
  • ____________: thin, membranous tissue that partially covers the vaginal opening
A
  • cervical canal
  • hymen
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7
Q
  • _________: opening of the cervical canal located on the uterine side
  • _________: opening of the cervical canal located on the vaginal side
A
  • internal Os
  • external Os
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8
Q

Sequence of structures that the egg must pass from the production site to the exterior of the female body?
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Fallopian tube (uterine tube)
  3. Uterine cavity
  4. Vagina
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9
Q

pH of the vagina= _______
- this pH is maintained in order to inhibit the growth of ________

A

3.5-4 (LOW=acidic)
- pathogens

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10
Q

The vagina contains _____ which are transverse friction ridges that contribute to both male and female _________ during intercourse

A

rugae; stimulation

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11
Q

Function of the Ovaries
- immature eggs develop in the _____ _______ (small sacs filled with fluid)

A
  • ovarian follicles
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12
Q

Where does folliculogenesis take place, in the ovarian cortex or medulla? _______
- the ovarian medulla contains loose connective tissue with abundant _____ _____, _________, and ________

A

cortex
- blood vessels; lymphatic vessels; nerve fibers

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13
Q

How many oocytes are typically present in a follicle? ______

A

ONE; each follicle nurtures and supports the development of one specific oocyte through the maturation process

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14
Q

_________: refers to the biological process by which female gametes, called ova (eggs), are formed in the ovaries

A

oogenesis

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15
Q

Names of the stem cells that procure the primary oocytes (in singular and plural)

A

oogonium; oogonia

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16
Q

Precursor cells to oocytes= _____________
- these cells are formed from ________ _______ and they contain _____ chromosomes

A

oogonium
- primordial germ cells; 46 (diploid)

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17
Q

Oogonium go through mitosis to form the Primary oocyte which all (~1 million) begin _________ BEFORE BIRTH but remain in arrested __________ stage

A

Meiosis I; prophase I

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18
Q

Primary oocytes continue to prophase I during puberty and happens __________, during each menstrual cycle
- the resulting cells when a primary oocyte completes meiosis I= _________ and ________

A

once a month
- large secondary oocyte; tiny first polar body

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19
Q

First polar body
- formed after ______ _______ completes meiosis I
- function: it discards extra _______ set of _______

A
  • primary oocyte
  • haploid; chromosomes
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20
Q

When does a primary oocyte complete meiosis I: before or after ovulation

A

BEFORE

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21
Q

The ovary releases a _____ _______ during ovulation
- it remains paused in _______ ___ for up to 24 hours after ovulation
- if fertilization by a sperm cell does NOT happen= _________ and it degenerates

A

secondary oocyte
- metaphase II
- menstruation

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22
Q
  • When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II? ____________
  • What is produced during meiosis II of the secondary oocyte? ___________ and _______
A
  • fertilization by sperm
  • ootid; second polar body
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23
Q
  • After completing __________ the secondary oocyte is formed
  • After completing _________ the ootid and second polar body is formed
A
  • meiosis I
  • meiosis II
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24
Q

Which germ cells in the ovary are diploid?

A

oogonium and primary oocyte

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25
Q

Medical term for mature egg= ______

A

ovum (plural=ova)

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26
Q

Are all primary oocytes present at birth?
can they continue to be produced after birth?

A

YES; NO

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27
Q

Sequence of cell produced in oogenesis (from oogonium to ovum)
1.
2.
3
4.

A
  1. oogonium
  2. primary oocyte
  3. secondary oocyte
  4. ootid/ovum
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28
Q
  • _____________: the sequence of events from fertilization to giving brith and returning to a state of fertility
  • ____________: encompasses the events that recur every month when pregnancy doesn’t intervene
    -consists of 2 interrelated cycles
    1.
    2.
A
  • reproductive cycle
  • sexual cycle (aka menstrual cycle)
    1. Ovarian
    2. Uterine
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29
Q

Sexual Cycle

  • __________: consists of events in the ovaries that lead to egg development, ovulation, & degeneration (hormonal changes)
    -three phases
    1.
    2.
    3.
  • ___________: consist of parallel changes that occur within he lining of the uterus (endometrium)
  • both occur concurrently at last around _____ days
A
  • ovarian cycle
    1. Follicular phase
    2. Ovulation
    3. Lutheal phase
  • uterine cycle
  • 28
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30
Q

Major event that characterizes the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is the development of _____ _______ in response to _____
- the follicular phase lasts ____ days

A

ovarian follicles; FSH
- 14 days

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31
Q

The luteal phase begins with the formation of the _______ ______ and ends in ________ or ___________ (destruction of the corpus luteum)
- the luteal phase lasts _____ days

A

corpus luteum; pregnancy; luteolysis;14

32
Q

______________: refers to the process of development and maturation of ovarian follicles within the ovary

A

folliculogenesis

33
Q

Four sequential stages of follicle development in folliculogenesis
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary follicle
  4. Tertiary follicle: comprises of the early vesicular stage and Graafian follicle (mature follicle)
34
Q

Primordial follicle consists of
- central element is ________ itself, which is arrested in the first stage of meiosis I, ________)
- it is surrounded by a ______ layer of flattened ______ _____

A
  • oocyte; prophase I
  • single; follicular cells
35
Q

Primordial follicle—>Primary follicle
- ______ remains the same
- follicular cells multiply and become _______ and they referred to as __________ cells

A
  • oocyte
  • cuboidal; granulosa cells
36
Q

Primordial follicle–>Primary follicle—> Secondary Follicle
- ________ the remains the same (arrested in prophase I)
- surrounded by ______ ______
- multiplication of ________ cells (+2 layers) which surround the _______
- _______ layer encloses the entire structure, providing support and contributing to ________ production

A
  • oocyte
  • zona pellucida
  • granulosa; zona pellucida
  • theca; hormone
37
Q

_____________: protective barrier, produced by the _______ itself, layer of ________ gel and translucent
- appears during _________ ______ stage

A

zona pellucida; oocyte; glycoprotein
- secondary follicle

38
Q

The secondary follicle ends when a clear ________ produced by the ________ cells beings to accumulate between the _______ cells and _____ (known as early vesicular stage –> immature tertiary follicle)

A

liquid; granulosa; granulosa; zona pellucida

39
Q

________: a fluid filled cavity located between the granulosa cells and the zona pellucida
- it appears during the _______ follicle stage and become a prominent feature in the ________ follicle
- it forms due to the secretion of fluid by the _______ cells surrounding the oocyte
- the size of the ______ as the follicle matures

A

antrum
- secondary; tertiary
- granulosa
- increases

40
Q

____________: the innermost layer of granulosa cells that directly surrounds the ZP of the oocyte, found in the _________ follicle
- it forms a protective ___________ for the oocyte

A

corona radiata; Graafian
- microenvironmen

41
Q

______________: mound of granulosa cells that covers the oocyte and _______ it to the follicle wall. it arises from the innermost layers of the _______ ________ surrounding the oocyte in a ________ ovarian follicle

A

cumulus oophorus; secures; corona radiata; maturing

42
Q

Which cells within the follicle produce…
- androgens: _________
- estrogens: ________

A
  • theca cells
  • granulosa cells, but they lack the necessary enzymes to directly synthesize estrogens so they rely on androgens from theca cells as precursors
43
Q

Gonadotropin hormones that stimulate the production of androgens and estrogens in follicle
- ______: stimulates _____ cells to produce androgens
- ______: stimulates ______ cells and the enzyme _________ within them to help produce estrogens

A
  • LH; theca
  • FSH; granulosa; aromatase
44
Q
  • Typically how many Graafian follicles rupture during ovulation to release the secondary oocyte? ______
  • What does the Graafian follicle transform into immediately post-ovulation? _______
A
  • typically, ONLY ONE
  • corpus luteum
45
Q
  • The Graafian follicle holds the _________ oocyte in the arrested __________ stage of meiosis I
  • the actual completion of meiosis I occurs right before ______, triggered by the _____ surge
A
  • primary; prophase I
  • ovulation; LH
46
Q

____________: increased blood supply and the greater density of _______ receptors, so it becomes the mature, preovulatory follicle
- produces significantly higher levels of ________

A

dominat follicle; FSH
- estradiol

47
Q

Although several follicles are activated, usually, only 1 per month (the ________ follicle) matures and ovulates and the rest die: ______

A

dominant; atresia

48
Q

Factors contributing to atresia:
1. ______: as the dominant follicle produces more estradiol, it suppresses _____ levels. This reduction hinders the growth and survival of non-dominant follicles
2. _____________: the dominant follicle recites a preferential blood supply, further limiting the resources available to non-dominant follicles

A
  1. decreased FSH; FSH
  2. insufficient blood supply
49
Q

As follicles mature, the dominant one produces rising levels of ________
- initially, this _______ acts as a ________ feedback on the pituitary suppressing _____ please to prioritize the dominant follicle
- however, once estradiol reaches a critical threshold, it switches to _________ feedback, triggering a surge in ______ release
- this amplifies ________ production, preparing for ovulation

A
  • estradiol
  • estradiol; negative; FSH
  • positive; LH
  • estrogen
50
Q

Phases of the menstrual cycle that coincide with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A
  • menstrual and proliferative phases
51
Q

Two primary layers of the endometrium
1.
2.
- __________ layer degernerates and sheds during the menstrual phase

A
  1. functional layer (stratum functionals)
  2. basal layer (stratum basalis)
    - functional layer
52
Q

The ___________ phase marks the beginning of a new menstrual cycle
- uterine lining shedding and vaginal bleeding (menses=______, __-__ days)

A

menstrual
- period; 3-7

53
Q

The functional layer of the endometrium is regenerated following menstruation by
- which hormone? ________ produced by the developing follicles in the ovaries by ________ cells
- _________ the proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells in the ______ layer which differentiate into various cell types that make up the _________ layer of the endometrium

A
  • estrogen; granulosa
  • stimulates; basal; functional
54
Q

What event marks the initiation of the uterine cycle?

A

the first day of menses marks day 1 of a new cycle

55
Q

Is the restoration of the endometrium during the proliferative phase primarily due to cell mitosis or glandular secretions?

A

CELL MITOSIS (proliferation and differentiation)

56
Q

Which hormone stimulates the differentiation of stem cells from the basal layer, and the proliferation of endometrial cells in the functional layer?

A

Estrogens, primarily produced by the developing follicles in the ovaries (granulosa cells)

57
Q

Estrogen stimulates endometrial cells to _______ the expression of ___________ receptors

A

INCREASE; progesterone

58
Q

During which phase of the uterine cycle does menstruation (menses, period) occur?

A

Day 1 of menstrual phase

59
Q

Which are the two hormones that trigger LH secretion before ovulation
1. _________: produced by the _________
2. _________: primarily produced by the developing ovarian follicles (________ cells)
- LH is realsed from the _______ ________ ______

A
  1. GnRH; hypothalamus
  2. Estrogen; granulosa
    - anterior pituitary gland
60
Q

During Ovulation…
- the Graafian follicle ________, relating the mature egg (_________ oocyte) into the ___________
- ovulation _______ coincide precisely with LH surge, but it occurs shortly after (approx. ____ hours after)

A
  • ruptures; secondary; fallopian tube
  • DOES NOT; 9
61
Q

What is the role of the LH surge leading up to ovulation?
- trigger for ________ completion within the egg of the dominant follicle
- _________ production of ________ that weaken the follicular wall

A
  • meiosis I
  • stimulate; enzymes
62
Q

Post ovulation, LH causes conversion of the ruptured follicle to ______ ______ (produces ________ and _______)

A

corpus luteum; estrogen; progesterone

63
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?
- ____________ and ________
- they ________ uterine glands to secrete ________ (endometrium thickens)
- _________ development of blood vessels within the endometrium

A
  • progesteron (MOSTLY); estradiol
  • stimulate; nutrients
  • stimulation
64
Q

If fertilization does not occur: the corpus luteum undergoes a process of ________ (________)

A

involution (degeneration)

65
Q

__________: whitish body that is the remnant or scar tissue left behind after involution (degeneration) of the corpus luteum in the ovary

A

corpus albicans

66
Q
  • What occurs to estrogen and progesterone levels when the corpus luteum undergoes degeneration?
  • What happens to the endometrium?
    -loses hormonal support for maintaining its _________ state
    -low levels of ___________ activate _________ that degradate extracellular matrix and _________ layer, disrupting it and the _________ _______
A
  • they FALL
  • thickened
  • progesterone; enzymes; functional; blood vessels
67
Q

During which days does the corpus luteum appear?
- it typically appears after ________ and persists throughout the _____ phase, which spans approximately days ____ to ____

A
  • ovulation; luteal; 14-28
68
Q
  • Progesterone levels increase during luteal phase due to the ____ ______ formation (this temporary gland becomes the ________ source of progesterone production)
  • LH and FSH levels decrease when progesterone and estrogen levels increase in luteal phase due to __________
A
  • corpus luteum; primary
  • negative feedback loop
69
Q

Menopause is the _______ of _________ ______ (ovulation and menstruation cease)- occurs naturally, as a result of reduced ______ supply and declining levels of _____ and _______

A

cessation; ovulatory function; egg; estrogen; progesterone

70
Q
  • Women are born with a finite number of ______ ______; through a woman’s reproductive lifespan there’s a continuous loss through a process called ______
  • In comparison to a 21 year old female, does a 45 year old female typically posses more, less, or the same number of primordial follicles
A
  • primordial follicles; atresia
  • LESS
71
Q

Ovulation typically ceases around late _____ to early ____

A

40s; 50s

72
Q

Vaginal tissue change post-menopause
- the vaginal lining _____ and becomes _____, loses _______
- this condition is knowns as _________ _______

A
  • thins; dry; elasticity
  • vulvovaginal atrophy
73
Q

Skin changes with menopause
- loss of _______ and _____
- ________ and increased _______ formation

A
  • collagen; elastin
  • dryness; wrinkle
74
Q

________ helps maintain bone mineral density
- soooo after menopause there is a _______ in bone mass and increase in bone ________ risk

A

estrogen
- decrease; fracture

75
Q

__________ has a protective role on blood vessels against ________ plaques
- after menopause–> ________ risk of cardiovascular diseases

A

estrogens; cholesterol
- INCREASED

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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