Lecture 24 Flashcards
1
Q
Which tube connects the ovaries to the uterus? __________
A
fallopian tube (aka uterine tube or oviducts)
2
Q
Sequential parts of the uterine tube (fallopian tube/oviducts) starting at the ovaries end
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
- uterine part
3
Q
_________: finger-like projections that act like a funnel, increasing the chances of the egg entering the fallopian tube
- they contain ciliate cells that create a current that gently sweeps the captures egg towards the _________
A
fimbriae; ampulla
4
Q
Three regions of the uterus
1.
2.
3.
Three layers constituting the uterine wall
1.
2.
3.
A
- fundus
- body
- ## cervix
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium (innermost)
5
Q
The myometrium is primarily composed of _______ muscle
A
SMOOTH
6
Q
- ____________: narrow passage that runs through the cervix which connects the end part of the uterus to the vagina
- ____________: thin, membranous tissue that partially covers the vaginal opening
A
- cervical canal
- hymen
7
Q
- _________: opening of the cervical canal located on the uterine side
- _________: opening of the cervical canal located on the vaginal side
A
- internal Os
- external Os
8
Q
Sequence of structures that the egg must pass from the production site to the exterior of the female body?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tube (uterine tube)
- Uterine cavity
- Vagina
9
Q
pH of the vagina= _______
- this pH is maintained in order to inhibit the growth of ________
A
3.5-4 (LOW=acidic)
- pathogens
10
Q
The vagina contains _____ which are transverse friction ridges that contribute to both male and female _________ during intercourse
A
rugae; stimulation
11
Q
Function of the Ovaries
- immature eggs develop in the _____ _______ (small sacs filled with fluid)
A
- ovarian follicles
12
Q
Where does folliculogenesis take place, in the ovarian cortex or medulla? _______
- the ovarian medulla contains loose connective tissue with abundant _____ _____, _________, and ________
A
cortex
- blood vessels; lymphatic vessels; nerve fibers
13
Q
How many oocytes are typically present in a follicle? ______
A
ONE; each follicle nurtures and supports the development of one specific oocyte through the maturation process
14
Q
_________: refers to the biological process by which female gametes, called ova (eggs), are formed in the ovaries
A
oogenesis
15
Q
Names of the stem cells that procure the primary oocytes (in singular and plural)
A
oogonium; oogonia
16
Q
Precursor cells to oocytes= _____________
- these cells are formed from ________ _______ and they contain _____ chromosomes
A
oogonium
- primordial germ cells; 46 (diploid)
17
Q
Oogonium go through mitosis to form the Primary oocyte which all (~1 million) begin _________ BEFORE BIRTH but remain in arrested __________ stage
A
Meiosis I; prophase I
18
Q
Primary oocytes continue to prophase I during puberty and happens __________, during each menstrual cycle
- the resulting cells when a primary oocyte completes meiosis I= _________ and ________
A
once a month
- large secondary oocyte; tiny first polar body
19
Q
First polar body
- formed after ______ _______ completes meiosis I
- function: it discards extra _______ set of _______
A
- primary oocyte
- haploid; chromosomes
20
Q
When does a primary oocyte complete meiosis I: before or after ovulation
A
BEFORE
21
Q
The ovary releases a _____ _______ during ovulation
- it remains paused in _______ ___ for up to 24 hours after ovulation
- if fertilization by a sperm cell does NOT happen= _________ and it degenerates
A
secondary oocyte
- metaphase II
- menstruation
22
Q
- When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II? ____________
- What is produced during meiosis II of the secondary oocyte? ___________ and _______
A
- fertilization by sperm
- ootid; second polar body
23
Q
- After completing __________ the secondary oocyte is formed
- After completing _________ the ootid and second polar body is formed
A
- meiosis I
- meiosis II
24
Q
Which germ cells in the ovary are diploid?
A
oogonium and primary oocyte
25
Medical term for mature egg= ______
ovum (plural=ova)
26
Are all primary oocytes present at birth?
can they continue to be produced after birth?
YES; NO
27
Sequence of cell produced in oogenesis (from oogonium to ovum)
1.
2.
3
4.
1. oogonium
2. primary oocyte
3. secondary oocyte
4. ootid/ovum
28
- _____________: the sequence of events from fertilization to giving brith and returning to a state of fertility
- ____________: encompasses the events that recur every month when pregnancy doesn't intervene
-consists of 2 interrelated cycles
1.
2.
- reproductive cycle
- sexual cycle (aka menstrual cycle)
1. Ovarian
2. Uterine
29
Sexual Cycle
- __________: consists of events in the ovaries that lead to egg development, ovulation, & degeneration (hormonal changes)
-three phases
1.
2.
3.
- ___________: consist of parallel changes that occur within he lining of the uterus (endometrium)
- both occur concurrently at last around _____ days
- ovarian cycle
1. Follicular phase
2. Ovulation
3. Lutheal phase
- uterine cycle
- 28
30
Major event that characterizes the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is the development of _____ _______ in response to _____
- the follicular phase lasts ____ days
ovarian follicles; FSH
- 14 days
31
The luteal phase begins with the formation of the _______ ______ and ends in ________ or ___________ (destruction of the corpus luteum)
- the luteal phase lasts _____ days
corpus luteum; pregnancy; luteolysis;14
32
______________: refers to the process of development and maturation of ovarian follicles within the ovary
folliculogenesis
33
Four sequential stages of follicle development in folliculogenesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Primordial follicle
2. Primary follicle
3. Secondary follicle
4. Tertiary follicle: comprises of the early vesicular stage and Graafian follicle (mature follicle)
34
Primordial follicle consists of
- central element is ________ itself, which is arrested in the first stage of meiosis I, ________)
- it is surrounded by a ______ layer of flattened ______ _____
- oocyte; prophase I
- single; follicular cells
35
Primordial follicle--->Primary follicle
- ______ remains the same
- follicular cells multiply and become _______ and they referred to as __________ cells
- oocyte
- cuboidal; granulosa cells
36
Primordial follicle-->Primary follicle---> Secondary Follicle
- ________ the remains the same (arrested in prophase I)
- surrounded by ______ ______
- multiplication of ________ cells (+2 layers) which surround the _______
- _______ layer encloses the entire structure, providing support and contributing to ________ production
- oocyte
- zona pellucida
- granulosa; zona pellucida
- theca; hormone
37
_____________: protective barrier, produced by the _______ itself, layer of ________ gel and translucent
- appears during _________ ______ stage
zona pellucida; oocyte; glycoprotein
- secondary follicle
38
The secondary follicle ends when a clear ________ produced by the ________ cells beings to accumulate between the _______ cells and _____ (known as early vesicular stage --> immature tertiary follicle)
liquid; granulosa; granulosa; zona pellucida
39
________: a fluid filled cavity located between the granulosa cells and the zona pellucida
- it appears during the _______ follicle stage and become a prominent feature in the ________ follicle
- it forms due to the secretion of fluid by the _______ cells surrounding the oocyte
- the size of the ______ as the follicle matures
antrum
- secondary; tertiary
- granulosa
- increases
40
____________: the innermost layer of granulosa cells that directly surrounds the ZP of the oocyte, found in the _________ follicle
- it forms a protective ___________ for the oocyte
corona radiata; Graafian
- microenvironmen
41
______________: mound of granulosa cells that covers the oocyte and _______ it to the follicle wall. it arises from the innermost layers of the _______ ________ surrounding the oocyte in a ________ ovarian follicle
cumulus oophorus; secures; corona radiata; maturing
42
Which cells within the follicle produce...
- androgens: _________
- estrogens: ________
- theca cells
- granulosa cells, but they lack the necessary enzymes to directly synthesize estrogens so they rely on androgens from theca cells as precursors
43
Gonadotropin hormones that stimulate the production of androgens and estrogens in follicle
- ______: stimulates _____ cells to produce androgens
- ______: stimulates ______ cells and the enzyme _________ within them to help produce estrogens
- LH; theca
- FSH; granulosa; aromatase
44
- Typically how many Graafian follicles rupture during ovulation to release the secondary oocyte? ______
- What does the Graafian follicle transform into immediately post-ovulation? _______
- typically, ONLY ONE
- corpus luteum
45
- The Graafian follicle holds the _________ oocyte in the arrested __________ stage of meiosis I
- the actual completion of meiosis I occurs right before ______, triggered by the _____ surge
- primary; prophase I
- ovulation; LH
46
____________: increased blood supply and the greater density of _______ receptors, so it becomes the mature, preovulatory follicle
- produces significantly higher levels of ________
dominat follicle; FSH
- estradiol
47
Although several follicles are activated, usually, only 1 per month (the ________ follicle) matures and ovulates and the rest die: ______
dominant; atresia
48
Factors contributing to atresia:
1. ______: as the dominant follicle produces more estradiol, it suppresses _____ levels. This reduction hinders the growth and survival of non-dominant follicles
2. _____________: the dominant follicle recites a preferential blood supply, further limiting the resources available to non-dominant follicles
1. decreased FSH; FSH
2. insufficient blood supply
49
As follicles mature, the dominant one produces rising levels of ________
- initially, this _______ acts as a ________ feedback on the pituitary suppressing _____ please to prioritize the dominant follicle
- however, once estradiol reaches a critical threshold, it switches to _________ feedback, triggering a surge in ______ release
- this amplifies ________ production, preparing for ovulation
- estradiol
- estradiol; negative; FSH
- positive; LH
- estrogen
50
Phases of the menstrual cycle that coincide with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
- menstrual and proliferative phases
51
Two primary layers of the endometrium
1.
2.
- __________ layer degernerates and sheds during the menstrual phase
1. functional layer (stratum functionals)
2. basal layer (stratum basalis)
- functional layer
52
The ___________ phase marks the beginning of a new menstrual cycle
- uterine lining shedding and vaginal bleeding (menses=______, __-__ days)
menstrual
- period; 3-7
53
The functional layer of the endometrium is regenerated following menstruation by
- which hormone? ________ produced by the developing follicles in the ovaries by ________ cells
- _________ the proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells in the ______ layer which differentiate into various cell types that make up the _________ layer of the endometrium
- estrogen; granulosa
- stimulates; basal; functional
54
What event marks the initiation of the uterine cycle?
the first day of menses marks day 1 of a new cycle
55
Is the restoration of the endometrium during the proliferative phase primarily due to cell mitosis or glandular secretions?
CELL MITOSIS (proliferation and differentiation)
56
Which hormone stimulates the differentiation of stem cells from the basal layer, and the proliferation of endometrial cells in the functional layer?
Estrogens, primarily produced by the developing follicles in the ovaries (granulosa cells)
57
Estrogen stimulates endometrial cells to _______ the expression of ___________ receptors
INCREASE; progesterone
58
During which phase of the uterine cycle does menstruation (menses, period) occur?
Day 1 of menstrual phase
59
Which are the two hormones that trigger LH secretion before ovulation
1. _________: produced by the _________
2. _________: primarily produced by the developing ovarian follicles (________ cells)
- LH is realsed from the _______ ________ ______
1. GnRH; hypothalamus
2. Estrogen; granulosa
- anterior pituitary gland
60
During Ovulation...
- the Graafian follicle ________, relating the mature egg (_________ oocyte) into the ___________
- ovulation _______ coincide precisely with LH surge, but it occurs shortly after (approx. ____ hours after)
- ruptures; secondary; fallopian tube
- DOES NOT; 9
61
What is the role of the LH surge leading up to ovulation?
- trigger for ________ completion within the egg of the dominant follicle
- _________ production of ________ that weaken the follicular wall
- meiosis I
- stimulate; enzymes
62
Post ovulation, LH causes conversion of the ruptured follicle to ______ ______ (produces ________ and _______)
corpus luteum; estrogen; progesterone
63
What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?
- ____________ and ________
- they ________ uterine glands to secrete ________ (endometrium thickens)
- _________ development of blood vessels within the endometrium
- progesteron (MOSTLY); estradiol
- stimulate; nutrients
- stimulation
64
If fertilization does not occur: the corpus luteum undergoes a process of ________ (________)
involution (degeneration)
65
__________: whitish body that is the remnant or scar tissue left behind after involution (degeneration) of the corpus luteum in the ovary
corpus albicans
66
- What occurs to estrogen and progesterone levels when the corpus luteum undergoes degeneration?
- What happens to the endometrium?
-loses hormonal support for maintaining its _________ state
-low levels of ___________ activate _________ that degradate extracellular matrix and _________ layer, disrupting it and the _________ _______
- they FALL
- thickened
- progesterone; enzymes; functional; blood vessels
67
During which days does the corpus luteum appear?
- it typically appears after ________ and persists throughout the _____ phase, which spans approximately days ____ to ____
- ovulation; luteal; 14-28
68
- Progesterone levels increase during luteal phase due to the ____ ______ formation (this temporary gland becomes the ________ source of progesterone production)
- LH and FSH levels decrease when progesterone and estrogen levels increase in luteal phase due to __________
- corpus luteum; primary
- negative feedback loop
69
Menopause is the _______ of _________ ______ (ovulation and menstruation cease)- occurs naturally, as a result of reduced ______ supply and declining levels of _____ and _______
cessation; ovulatory function; egg; estrogen; progesterone
70
- Women are born with a finite number of ______ ______; through a woman's reproductive lifespan there's a continuous loss through a process called ______
- In comparison to a 21 year old female, does a 45 year old female typically posses more, less, or the same number of primordial follicles
- primordial follicles; atresia
- LESS
71
Ovulation typically ceases around late _____ to early ____
40s; 50s
72
Vaginal tissue change post-menopause
- the vaginal lining _____ and becomes _____, loses _______
- this condition is knowns as _________ _______
- thins; dry; elasticity
- vulvovaginal atrophy
73
Skin changes with menopause
- loss of _______ and _____
- ________ and increased _______ formation
- collagen; elastin
- dryness; wrinkle
74
________ helps maintain bone mineral density
- soooo after menopause there is a _______ in bone mass and increase in bone ________ risk
estrogen
- decrease; fracture
75
__________ has a protective role on blood vessels against ________ plaques
- after menopause--> ________ risk of cardiovascular diseases
estrogens; cholesterol
- INCREASED
