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BIOL 204 > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q
  • _________ is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
  • composition: ______ (95%), _______, _______, __________, _________ (phospholipid), and _________
  • main component is _________
A
  • bile
  • water; bile salts; bilirubin; cholesterol; lecithin; proteins
  • bile salts
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2
Q
  • bile is produced in the ________ from the molecule ____________
A
  • liver; cholesterol
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3
Q
  • Bile salts are made from bile ______ that are often bonded to ________ or _______ to _______ water solubility (= ___________ bile acids)
  • produced in the liver from ___________
  • they aid in the emulsification, digestion, and absorption of ______
A
  • acids; glycine; taurine;increase conjugated
  • cholesterol
  • fats
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4
Q

The body’s ONLY way of eliminating excess cholesterol is through _______ excretion, with the help of ________

A

fecal; bile

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5
Q
  • The percentage of bile salts that are lost in the feces= _____%
  • bile salts are reclaimed in the _______ meaning they are transported back to the liver via the ________ ______ _____
A
  • 20%
  • ileum; hepatic portal vein
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6
Q

Lipid Emulsification
- bile salts in the duodenum BREAK DOWN fat globules into _________ fat droplets this _________ surface area in order to make the fat droplets available to ________ enzymes

A
  • smaller; increases; lipase
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7
Q
  • At a certain concentration bile salts aggregate into _______ that incorporate the ______ digestion products
  • _________: aggregates of bile salt that forms a _______ outer shell and a ________ inner core
A
  • micelles; lipid
  • micelles; polar (hydrophilic); hydrophobic
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8
Q
  • Micelles function as _______ for the absorption of lipids in the small intestine
  • they encapsulate lipid digestion products, such as fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins, making them more _______ in water and facilitating their ________ across the intestinal lining for absorption into the _________
A
  • carriers
  • soluble; transport; bloodstream
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9
Q

____________________ digest triglycerides into components (________ + _________)

A

pancreatic lipases
- fatty acids (FAs)
- 2 monoglycerides

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10
Q
  • Lipids need to be transported in the core of the micelles to the enterocytes because lipids are __________ molecules, while the watery environment of the small intestine is __________
  • the core of the micelles are _________ which provides a protective environment for the lipids
A
  • hydrophobic; hydrophilic
  • hydrophobic
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11
Q

Three steps that occur in the intestine with fats before they are transported to the enterocytes
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Emulsification
  2. Digestion
  3. Micelle formation
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12
Q
  • The micelles diffuse across the water layer adjacent to the _________ surface
  • micelles ______ to the plasma mb of _______ and the fatty acids and monoglycerides pass by _______ _______ into the cells
  • they become _________ upon entering and are incorporated into ___________
A
  • enterocyte
  • attach;enterocyte; simple diffusion
  • triglycerides; chylomicrons
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13
Q

__________: fatty, milk-white intestinal lymph formed from the small intestine during digestion

A

chyle

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14
Q

_________: large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids such as triglycerides and cholesterol, from the intestine to the liver

A

chylomicrons

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15
Q

Chylomicrons are TOO LARGE to penetrate the endothelium of _______ so they enter the _______ of the intestinal villi and are carried through the lymphatic system to the general circulation

A

bloodstream; lacteals

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16
Q
  • Fat absorption occurs within the ______ _______
  • Lipids are absorbed into the ________ ______ via _______ located in the villi
A
  • small intestine
  • lymphatic system; lacteals
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17
Q

____________: tiny droplets with a core of cholesterol and TGs and a coating of proteins and phospholipids
- serves as…

A

lipoproteins
- vehicle transporting lipids in the body

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18
Q

Lipoproteins are classified into 4 major categories by their _________:
1.
2.
3.
4.
- there is also an ___________ lipoprotein

A

density
1. Chylomicron
2. VLDL (very-low-density-lipoprotein)
3. LDL (low-density)
4. HDL (high density)
- IDL (intermediate density)

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19
Q

Among HDL, LDL, and VLDL which lipoprotein harbors the…
- highest concentration of cholesterol= ____________
- highest concentration of triglycerides= __________

A
  • LDL
  • VLDL
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20
Q

the higher the proportion of lipid to protein, the ________ the density

A

LOWER

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21
Q

_____________________: hydrolyze triglycerides present in circulating lipoproteins, such as __________ and _____, into free fatty acids and glycerol, which facilitates their uptake by various tissues for _______ production or ________

A

lipoprotein lipase; chylomicrons; VLDL; energy; storage

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22
Q

lipoprotein lipase is found in the ________ of ________ cells lining _________

A

surface; endothelial; capillaries

23
Q

Chylomicrons carry TGs from small intestine to body’s cells
- _____________ in endothelial surface removes TGs and the chylomicron becomes ______________ which contain mostly _________ and some remaining TGs

A
  • lipoprotein lipase; chylomicron remnant; cholesterol
24
Q

The role of chylomicron remnant is to deliver dietary _________ and __________ to the ______ for further processing and metabolism

A

cholesterol; fat-soluble vitamins; liver

25
Q
  • Fat synthesized endogenously in the LIVER are packed into __________
  • function is to transport ________ synthesized in the liver to peripheral tissues, where they can be used for _________ production or stored as ____
A
  • VLDL
  • TGs; energy; fat
26
Q

VLDL is covered into LDL primarily through the removal of _______ from VLDL particles during their circulation in the ________ by ____________ (previous conversion to IDL)

A

TGs; bloodstream; lipoprotein lipase

27
Q

Functions
- LDLs:
- HDLs:

A
  • transports and delivers cholesterol to the body’s cells
  • picks up excess cholesterol from tissues and relievers to the liver for use or disposal (through the bile)
28
Q
  • ____________: the synthesis of fats from other types of molecules such as glucose and AAs
  • ___________: the process of breaking down fats (lipids) into their component fatty acids and glycerol (typically, in adipose tissue)
A
  • lipogenesis
  • lipolysis
29
Q

After Lipolysis
- Fatty acids undergo ____-__________ to generate _______________, which can then enter the citric acid cycle to generate energy in the form of ATP (additionally can be used for the synthesis of ______ _______ in the liver)

A
  • beta-oxidation; acetyl-CoA; ketone bodies
30
Q

After lipolysis
- after being produced through the action of lipase in adipose tissue glycerol enters ________ pathway in the _____, where it is converted to __________________, an intermediate in glycolysis

A
  • glycolysis; liver; glceraldehyde-3-phosphate
31
Q

Due to fats ability to provide an alternative source of energy. When fat is available for energy production, it reduces the reliance on ______ and preserve lean body mass by sparing ________ from being broken down for energy

A

glucose; proteins

32
Q

Ketone bodies form as a result of the breakdown of fatty acids
- they originate from ________
- when there is an insufficient supply of glucose for energy production, such as during fasting or low carb diets fatty acids are __________ to ________, which can then undergo ketogenesis to form ketone bodies

A
  • acetyl-CoA
  • oxidized; acetyl-CoA
33
Q

When the body is rapidly oxidizing fats, excess keto bodies accumulate- ____ imbalance = ____________

A

pH; ketoacidosis

34
Q

What happens to Acetyl-CoA after its formation? (several potential fates)
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Krebs cycle (ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation)
  2. Synthesis of fatty acids
  3. Synthesis of cholesterol and ketone bodies
35
Q

Is it possible for our body to produce TGs (fats) from glucose (carbohydrates)?

A

yes, but typically is not the primary pathway for TG synthesis (more common when there is an excess of glucose or carbohydrates in the diet)

36
Q

Four hormones that impact the short-term regulation of feeding behavior
1. _________: governs _____
2. _________: governs _____
3. _________: governs _____
4. _________: governs _____

A
  1. gherlin; hunger
  2. amylin; satiety
  3. CCK; satiety
  4. Peptide YY (PYY); satiety
37
Q

The empty _______ secretes _______ (b/w meals, fasting), and ingesting food suppresses its release
- this hormone stimulates _______ and initiates ______ behaviors

A

stomach; ghrelin
- hunger; eating

38
Q

Besides the hormone ghrelin, what other factor in the stomach promotes hunger?

A

gastric peristalsis (mild hunger contractions begin soon after the stomach is emptied)

39
Q

The Peptide YY (PYY) hormone is secreted by _____________ cells in the ______ & _____

A

enteroendocrine; ileum & colon

40
Q

The amylin hormone is synthesized by ____-_____ in the _________

A

B-cells; pancreas

41
Q

Two hormones involved in long-term regulation of appetite
1.
2.

A
  1. Leptin
  2. Insulin
42
Q

Does leptin inhibit or promote appetite?

A

INHIBITS

43
Q
  • When adipocytes are replete (filled) with stored lipids, they _________ the release of leptin
  • When adipocytes lack lipid reserves, they ________ the release of leptin
A
  • stimulate
  • inhibit
44
Q

Leptin serves as the brain’s indicator of the total __________ stores in our body
- levels in the bloodstream are _______ proportional to the amount of adipose tissue or body fat present

A

ENERGY
- directly (increase body-fat mass= increase leptin levels)

45
Q

insulin acts on hypothalamic circuits to ________ appetite (weaker effect)

A

SUPPRESS

46
Q

leptin stimulates sympathetic nerve fibers in adipose tissue to secrete ____, which in turn _________ lipolysis

A

NA (noradrenline); stimulates

47
Q

________ __________: more common factor in _____ where the body comes LESS responsive to the effects of leptin (so they continue eating)

A

leptin insensitivity; obesity

48
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus receives input from hormones regulating the feeding behavior?

A

arcuate nucleus

49
Q

Two types of neurons involved in feeding behavior found in the arcuate nucleus
1.
2.

A
  1. Orexigenic (appetite stimulating) neuron
  2. Anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) neuron
50
Q

Neurotransmitters released by the…
- orexigneic neurons=
- anorexigenic neurons=

A
  • neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
  • pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) which is cleaved into alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH)
51
Q
  • Gherkin _________ orexigenic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (promoting _____ and _______ food intake)
  • Peptide YY (PYY), CCK, and insulin _________ orexigenic neurons (________ appetite and _______ food intake)
A
  • stimulates; hunger; increasing
  • inhibit; suppressing; decreasing
52
Q

Leptin ________ anorexigenic neurons in the arcuate nucleus, leading to the _______ of appetite and _______ of food intake

A

stimulates; suppression; reduction

53
Q

The arcuate nucleus relays information about hunger and satiety to the __________ _______ which directly influences feeding behavior

A

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

54
Q

Based on input from ARC (arcuate nucleus), the PVN initiates _________ responses and ________ changes, such as ________ release and ANS modulation to produce hunger or satiety

A

physiological; behavioral; hormone

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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