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BIOL 204 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

ECG
- PQ segment:
- PR interval:
- QT interval:
- ST segment:

A
  • atrial systole (also represents the time it takes for signals to travel between SA and AV node)
  • signal conduction through AV node, before activating ventricles
  • duration of ventricular depolarization; shorter during exercise
  • ventricular systole; also corresponds to plateau in myocardial action potential
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2
Q

Two main variables govern fluid movement:
1. ________ causes flow
2. _________ opposes flow

A
  1. pressure
  2. resistance
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3
Q

Fluid will only flow if there is a pressure gradient
- fluid flows from ______ pressure point to _____ pressure point

A
  • high; low
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4
Q

Events occurring on left side of heart
- When ventricle relaxes and expands, its internal pressure ________
- If _______ valve is open, blood flows into left ventricle
- When ventricle contracts, internal pressure _____
- AV valves close (____), the _______ valve is pushed open and blood flows into aorta from left ventricle

A
  • falls
  • Mitral (av)
  • rises
  • S1; aortic (SLV)
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5
Q

Opening and closing of valves are governed by these _________ changes
- AV valves ______ when ventricles relaxes (lower pressure)
- semilunar valves under pressure from blood in vessels are ________ when ventricles are relaxed

A

pressure
- open
- closed

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6
Q

Valvular Insufficiency Disorders
1. _____________
2. ____________

A
  1. Incompetence
  2. Valvular stenosis
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7
Q

Incompetence
- any failure of a valve to prevent _______ (____________)
- valve should be _______, but isn’t
-often presents as a _______ ________: abnormal heart sound produced by regurgitation of blood through incompetent valves
- _______________: most common cause

A
  • reflux (regurgitation)
  • closed
  • heart murmur
  • calcification
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8
Q

Valvular stenosis
- cusps are __________ and _________ is constricted by scar tissue
- valve should be __________, but isn’t; might be partially ________
- caused by infection (______ ________); ____________ attack on the valves; _____ _______ forms

A
  • stiffened; opening
  • opened; open
  • rheumatic fever; autoimmune; scar tissue
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9
Q

______________ listening to sounds made by body

  • First heat sound (____), louder and longer “_____”, occurs when _____ valves close, turbulence as blood hits closed valve, movements of the heart wall
  • Second heart sound (____) softer and sharper “_____”, occurs when ___________ valves close, turbulence as blood hits closed valve, and movements of the heart wall

-____ & _____: need amplification to hear them
- _______: rapid ventricular filling
- _______: ventricular filling during atrial systole

A

auscultation
- S1; lubb; AV
- S2; dupp; semilunar

-S3 & S4
- S3
- S4

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10
Q

Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.

  • The entire cardiac cycle (all four of these phases) is completed in less than ____ _________
A
  1. Ventricular filling (during diastole)
  2. Isovolumetric contraction (during systole)
  3. Ventricular ejection (during systole)
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation (during diastole)
  • 1 second
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11
Q

Ventricular filling (during diastole)
- atrial pressure ____ ventricular pressure
- arterial pressure ___ ventricular pressure
- AV valves ________
- Semilunar valves _____
- EKG: _____________

A
  • >
  • >
  • open
  • closed
  • p wave
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12
Q

Isovolumetric contraction (during systole)
- atrial pressure ____ ventricular pressure
- arterial pressure ___ ventricular pressure
- AV valves ________
- Semilunar valves _____
- EKG: _____________

A
  • <
  • >
  • closed (S1)
  • closed
  • QRS complex
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13
Q

Ventricular ejection (during systole)
- atrial pressure ____ ventricular pressure
- arterial pressure ___ ventricular pressure
- AV valves ________
- Semilunar valves _____
- EKG: _____________

A
  • <
  • <
  • closed
  • open
  • QRS complex
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14
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation (during diastole)
- atrial pressure ____ ventricular pressure
- arterial pressure ___ ventricular pressure
- AV valves ________
- Semilunar valves _____
- EKG: _____________

A
  • <
  • >
  • closed
  • closed (S2)
  • t wave
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15
Q
  • End-diastolic volume= ______ mL
  • End- systolic volume= ______ mL
  • SV= _____ mL
A
  • 130
  • 60
  • 70
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16
Q

Overview of Volume changes
- ESV= 60 mL
- Passively added to ventricle during atrial diastole=
- Added by atrial systole=
- Total: EDV= 130 mL
-SV ejected by ventricular systole=
- left behind: ESV= 60 ML

Both ventricles _______ eject _____ amount of blood

A
  • (+30 mL)
  • (+40 mL)
  • (-70 mL)

MUST; SAME

17
Q

At Rest!!
_____ mL per beat * ____ beats per minute= _____ L per minute

  • the flow rate (volume/min) is _______ _______
  • average person has ____-____L blood
A

70 mL * 75 bpm= 5 L/min
- cardiac output
- 4 to 6

18
Q

A blood cell leaving the left ventricle takes about a _________ to make its way through the circulation and back to the left ventricle!

A

minute

19
Q

CO= ______ * _______

How is this regulated?
- _______________
- _______________

A

HR * SV
- autonomic nervous system
- exercise/ fitness

20
Q

Heart rhythm and contraction are controlled by two cardiac centers in the ___________ __________
1.
2.

  • Autonomic nervous system DOES NOT initiate the heartbeat, it modulates _________ and _______
A

medulla oblongata
1. cardioacceleratory center
2. cardioinhibitory center

  • rhythm; force
21
Q

Cardioacceleratory center
- sends _________ innervation via the _______ nerves

Cardioinhibitory center
- sends ________ innervation via the _______ nerve

A
  • sympathetic; cardiac
  • parasympathetic; vagus
22
Q

Sympathetic nerves _________ heart rate and _______ __________
- originates in ______ ______
- sympathetic chain ganglia
- postganglionic fibers pass through ______ _______ in mediastinum and continue as _________ nerves to the heart
- fibers terminate in ____ and ____ _________ (also _______, _______________, and _______________)

A

INCREASE; contraction strength
- spinal cord
- cardiac plexus; cardiac
- SA and AV nodes (aorta, pulmonary trunk, coronary arteries)

23
Q

Parasympathetic nerves _______ heart rate ONLY
- vagus nucleus in the __________ _________
- fibers to _______ ______ and continue to the heart by way of _______ nerves
- Fibers of ______ vagus nerve lead to ____ node
- Fibers of ______ vagus nerve lead to ____ node
- little or no vagal stimulation of the ___________

A

SLOW
- medulla oblongata
- cardiac plexus; cardiac
- right; SA
- left; AV
- myocardium

24
Q

_____________: resting adult HR above _____ bpm
caused by
- _______, anxiety, ________, heart disease, or ______
- _______ of blood or ________ to myocardium
(your body wants to compensate for the loss of blood)

A

Tachycardia; 100
- stress; drugs; fever
- loss; damage

25
Q

Positive chronotropic agents: factors that _____ HR
- Sympathetic ANS–> releases _____
- binds to __-_________ fibers in the heart
- _______ accelerates depolarization of SA node
- By accelerating both _________ and _________, increases HR as high as ______ bpm

A

increase
- NE
- Beta-adrenergic
- Ca2+
- contraction; relaxation; 230

26
Q

____________: resting adult HR of less than ____ bpm

A

Bradycardia; 60

27
Q

Negative chronotropic effects: factors the ______ HR
- _________: holds down the heart rate to 70-80 bpm at rest
- steady background firing rate of the _____ nerves
- In ______, low body ______, and _________-_______ ____________

  • Parasympathetic vagus nerves have cholinergic inhibitory effects on _____ and _____ ________
  • ______ binds to muscarinic receptors, opens _____ channels
  • _____ leaves nodal cells, they become ____________ and fire less frequently—> ________ HR
A

decrease
- vagal tone
- vagus
- sleep; temperature; endurance- trained athletes

  • SA and AV nodes
  • ACh; K+
  • K+; hyperpolarized; decreased
28
Q

Chronotropic Effects of the ANS and CNS (portions of somatic nervous system)
- ________ to cardiac centers in medulla are diverse
- _________ __________ ______ (cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus)
- sensory or emotional stimuli

  • muscles, joints, arteries, and brainstem
    -_________________ in muscles and joints inform cardiac centers about changes in activity, so HR increases before metabolic demands on muscle arise
A
  • inputs
  • higher brain centers
  • proprioceptors
29
Q

How does the ANS know what’s going on?
- sensory inputs to cardiac centers
1. ____________: blood pressure sensors
2. ____________: senses blood pH, CO2, and O2 levels

A
  1. Baroreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
30
Q

Baroreceptors
- If BP decreases , signal rate ______, cardiac center ___________ HR
- If BP increases, signal rate _____, cardiac center _______ HR

A
  • drops; increase
  • rises; decrease
31
Q

Chemoreceptors
- high blood CO2 (_________) leads to ________ and ________ HR
- low O2 in blood (________) _______ HR

A
  • hypercapnia; acidosis; increases
  • hypoxemia; decreases (your body will shut down other activities in the body that need oxygen, since we don’t have enough of it—> we don’t need blood to be pumped out that fast)

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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