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BIOL 204 > Lecture 26 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Five events in Conception
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A

1 .Sperm capacitation
2. Acrosome reaction
3. Fast and slow block
4. Completion of Meiosis II
5. Zygote formation

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2
Q

2 requirements for sperm motility:
1. __________ source (______ from the semen)
2. ________ which is achieved from _______ in semen that neutralize vaginal acidity so sperm can become active

A
  1. energy; fructose
  2. high pH; buffers
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3
Q

A. approximately how many sperm are deposited in the vagina during intercourse? _______
B. About how many sperm reach the vicinity of the ovulated secondary oocyte? ______

A

A. 300 million
B. 200 spermatozoa

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4
Q

Sperm must reach the fallopian tube but many die in the process by three different outcomes….
1. Millions of sperm _____ from the vagina. almost immediately
2. Rest are destroyed by _____ _______
3. Or destroyed by resident ________ in the uterus (which recognizes the sperm as foreign)

A
  1. leak
  2. vaginal acid
  3. phagocytes
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5
Q

A. In which stage of oogenesis is the egg when it meets the sperm cell? _____________
B. Where do the egg and sperm meet in side the female? _________

A

A. secondary oocyte
B. Fallopian tube

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6
Q

sperm ____________: it is the change sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize an egg (biochemical process)
- this process is significant because it is crucial for successful ________

A

capacitation
- fertilization

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7
Q

Sperm capacitation occurs
- where?
- when?

A
  • within female reproductive tract, typically in the uterus or fallopian tubes
  • after ejaculation
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8
Q

Sperm capacitation
- secretions of the female tracts remove some of the sperms _____ ________ _______, and the ________ that keeps their acrosomal membranes “tough “ and stable is depleted
- membranes must become ______ so that the hydrolytic enzymes in their acrosomes can be released
- there are also changes in intracellular signaling pathways, leading to an INCREASE in _______
- the tail takes on a _________ pattern of swimming

A
  • protective membrane proteins; cholesterol
  • fragile
  • calcium
  • hyper activated
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9
Q

Successful fertilization..
- Two layers that envelop the oocyte must be penetrated by sperm: _____________ (granulosa cells) and _________ (glycoprotein-rich exraceullar matrix)

A
  • corona radiata; zona pellucida
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10
Q

Cell-surface ________ on the sperm digests the intercellular cement between the ________ cells in the local area of the egg

A

hyaluronidase; granulosa

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11
Q

__________ specialized organelles found in the head region of sperm cells
- they contain ________, primarily _______ and ______, which are essential for penetrating the protective layers surrounding the egg during fertilization

A

acrosomes
- enzymes; hyaluronidase; acrosin

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12
Q

Acrosome reaction:
- ___________ of acrosomal enzymes from the sperm’s head
- the enzymes digest a path that allows the spermatozoa to penetrate the ______ and fuse with the oocyte membrane
- does this occur prior or following capacitation?

A
  • exocytosis
  • zona pellucida
  • AFTER… because the membrane of sperm must become fragile in order for those enzymes to be released
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13
Q

A. Is a single sperm releasing acrosomal enzymes sufficient to traverse the entire path through the zona pellucida to reach the plasma membrane?

B. Is the first sperm to reach the ZP automatically considered the winner and able to fertilize the egg?

C. Similarly, is the first sperm to reach the plasma membrane of the egg guaranteed to fertile the egg?

A

A. NO
B. NO, multiple sperm may penetrate the ZP
C. It is NOT guaranteed, since there are a various amount of other factors, including ability of the sperm to generate the membrane of the egg and fuse with it

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14
Q

Does the entire structure of the sperm enter the egg cytoplasm after the plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse?

A

NO, just the nucleus of the sperm

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15
Q
  • ___________: a condition in which a single egg is fertilized by more than one sperm cell
  • is it possible in humans?
    -typically does not result in a _______ embryo, when one sperm binds to receptors on the egg, it triggers _____ events that block this
A
  • polyspermy
  • viable; two
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16
Q

Two types of mechanisms involved in preventing polyspermy
1.
2.

A
  1. Fast block
  2. Slow block
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17
Q

Fast block polyspermy
- the entry of the first sperm into the egg triggers __________ of the egg PM caused by some acrosomal _______ that open _______ channels in the egg
- this will make the membrane __________ impeccable to additional sperm

A
  • depolarization; proteins; sodium
  • temporarily
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18
Q

Fast block uses ____________ interchangeably
- because it specially refers to the ______ alteration of the egg __________ potential to block polyspermy

A

oocyte membrane block
- rapid; MEMBRANE

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19
Q

Fast Block
- some _______ _______ of sperm _____ the ________ channels in the egg that triggers and _______ of Na+ and __________ the egg mb

A
  • acrosomal proteins; open; sodium; INFLUX; depolarize (from negative to positive values)
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20
Q

The purpose of the slow block to polyspermy
- creates a _________ barrier around the fertilized egg, preventing other sperm from entering

A

PERMANENT

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21
Q

SLOW BLOCK to polyspermy
- sperm fusion with off causes the release of intracellular ______ that are stored in the _______ _______ in the egg cortex which stimulate _______ ________ content release
- the ________ _______ consists of a wave of ___________ of cortical oocyte granules (_________) containing enzymes

A
  • Ca2+; endoplasmic reticulum; cortical granule
  • cortical reaction; exocytosis; lysosomes
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22
Q

Cortical Reaction
- the release of ________ ______ have enzymes that _____-_____ the glycoproteins in the ______ together which makes it ____________ to further spermatozoon, sealing the oocyte

A
  • cortical granules; cross-link; zona pellucida; impenetrable
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23
Q

Which reaction comes first?
- the cortical reaction or zona reaction (or zona response)

A
  • cortical reaction
24
Q

Secondary oocyte completion of meiosis II
- Trigger: the ______ of the ___________ of the oocyte and sperm

A
  • fusion; plasma membranes
25
Q

The new individual created by fertilization is called a ________ (______ chromosomes= _______)

A

zygote; 46; diploid

26
Q

Fertilization is complete with fusion of the male and female _________
- they are essentially the ______ of the sperm and eg after they have undergone some transformation

A

pronuclei
- nuclei

27
Q

zygote _________: a rapid series of _______ divisions that occur following fertilization (week ____)
- enormous volume of egg _________ is divided into numerous smaller, nucleated cells (____________)

A

cleavage; mitotic; 1
- cytoplasm; blastomeres

28
Q
  • Do blastomeres grow in size after each division cycle?
  • how does the size of blastomeres compare to each other ?
A
  • NO, they decrease
  • the cytoplasm of the zygote is divided equally, so each blastomere should be equal in size
29
Q

________: a spheroidal stage consisted of ___-____ blastomeres

A

morula; 16-32

30
Q

The morula typically transforms into a _________, ___ -___ days after fertilization through the process knowns as ____________
HOW?
- the morula undergoes further division and differentiation
- these divisions creates a ________ sphere of cells called the ___________

A
  • blastocyst; 5-6; blastulation
  • hollow; blastocyst
31
Q

Blastocyst
- it is essentially a _______ ball of cells with two distinct layers:
1.
2.

A
  • hollow
    1. trophoblast
    2. inner cell mass
32
Q
  • Does the bastocoel constitute a component of the blastocyst?
A

YES, it refers to the FLUID-filled cavity within the blastocyst

33
Q

Two kids of cells within a blastocyst and where they are precisely situated…
1. _________: form the outer layer of the blastocyst and responsible for _________ and subsequent ________ development
2. __________ (aka ________): cluster of cells located inside the blastocyst, typically at ___ _____, it gives rise to the ______ itself

A
  1. trophoblast; implantation; placental
  2. inner cell mass (embryoblast) ; one pole; embryo
34
Q

During which week of development do the morula and blastocyst form?

A

Week 1

35
Q
  • The blastocyst stage squeezes out from its ______ (this is called ________)
  • does this take place typically before or after the implantation of the blastocyst?
A
  • ZP; hatching
  • BEFORE
36
Q

Implantation
- to blastocyst attaches to the __________ of the ______ during week ___

A

endometrium; uterus; 2

37
Q

The trophoblast cells at the site of attachment separate into 2 layers:
1.
2.

A
  1. cytotrophoblast
  2. syncytiotorphoblast
38
Q

The leading edge of the invasion is carried out by the _______________, which produces the necessary ______ to erode into the uterine wall
- the fusion of _________ form _____________

A

syncytiotrophoblast; enzymes
- cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast

39
Q

What component of the blastocyst produces human chroionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)? _____________
- what is the function of this hormone?

A

syncytiotrophoblast
- to inhibit the involution of the corpus luteum, which in in turn produced progesterone

40
Q

A.) During which phase of the menstrual cycle does implantation occur?

B.) during the _______ phase of the menstrual cycle the stratum functionalist has because _______ and _______, secreting glycogen rich material to ______ the blastocyst as it implants

A

A.) luteal phase
B.) secretory; thick; glandular; nourish

41
Q

What is the reason for referring to week 2 of development as the “week of two’s”

A

because several signifiant events occur in pairs during this period

42
Q

What three pairs of structure make their appearance during week 2?
1. Trophoblast has divided into ___________ and _________
2. Embryo consist of 2 layers: _________ and _______
3. Two cavities are present: ___________ and ________

A
  1. cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
  2. epiblast and hypoblast
  3. amniotic cavity and yolk sac
43
Q

_____________: a distinct two-layered structure formed within the blastocyst, specifically within the ____________
- composed of two primary cell layers: ________ and ________

A

bilaminar embryonic disc; inner cell mass
- epiblast; hypoblast

44
Q

The __________ cavity forms from the folding of ________, while the yolk sac forms from the folding of the _____________

A

amniotic; epiblast; hypoblast

45
Q

At the end of the second week of development we have ___________________
- the ______ and _____ make the top bubble
- the _______ and ______ make the bottom bubble
- they are attached by the ________ _____ to the inside of the ballon formed by the ________ _______

A

” a bubble on top of a bubble inside a balloon”
- amnion; epiblast
- hypoblast; yolk sac
- connecting (primitive) stalk; chorionic cavity

46
Q

______________: the process by which the bilaminar embryonic disk is converted into a _________ embryonic disk consisting of….. that will develop into all the organs and tissues of the body
- typically occurs during week _____

A

gastrulation; trilaminar; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- 3

47
Q

Gastrulation begins with the appearance of the _______ _______ and _______ ________ in the epiblast of the bilaminar embryonic disc

A

primitive streak; primitive node

48
Q
  • The primitive streak has a role of establishing the body basic ______ and initiating migration of cells to form the different ______ layers
  • The primitive node emits _______ that grid cell migration and differentiation
A
  • axes; germ
  • signals
49
Q

Which cells of the bilaminar disc migrate during the process of gastrulation?

A

epiblast

50
Q

To what do the terms primitive streak, primitive groove, primitive node, and primitive pit refer?
- all these terms relate to ______ embryonic development in _________, specifically during the crucial stage called __________

A
  • early; vertebrates; gastrulation
51
Q
  • _____________: groove-like structure that appears on the surface of the embryo during gastrulation; it usually forms along the _______ on the _______ side (back); acts as a ________ for cell to migrate inward and form new layers
  • it arises from ________ cells
A
  • primitive streak; midline; dorsal; “gateway”
  • epiblast
52
Q
  • _______________: the linear depression or gap within the primitive streak
A
  • primitive groove
53
Q
  • _____________: thicken region located at the ________ (head) end of the primitive streak
  • it houses the primitive _____ and plays a crucial role in _________ cell migration and differential
A
  • primitive node; caudal
  • pit; signaling
54
Q
  • _____________: small depression located within the center of the primitive node; it acts as the initial opening for cells to move inward and form the ________
A
  • primitive pit; notochord
55
Q

During migration, epiblastic cells undergo a transformation in which they change shape and become motile cells knowns as ____________ or ___________ cells
- these cells detach from the primitive streak and migrate into the space below the epiblast, giving rise to the __________ and _______ germ layers

A
  • mesenchyme; mesenchymal
  • mesoderm; endoderm
56
Q

Germ layer formation order
1. Formation of ____________
- dividing epiblast cells migrate to the primitive streak and sink into the __________ _______
2. Formation of ___________
3. Formation of _____________
- after completion of _________ and ________ formation, epiblast cells cease to migrate and the reaming epiblast now constitutes the _________

A
  1. Endoderm
    - primitive groove
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
    - endoderm; mesoderm; ectoderm

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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