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BIOL 204 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Four main organs of the urinary system
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Kidneys (2)
  2. Ureters (2)
  3. Urinary Bladder
  4. Urethra
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2
Q

Three primary functions of the kidneys? with examples
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Synthetic function: erythropoietin; 1,25 dihydroxyvtiamin D3 (calcitriol); renin
  2. Excretion: metabolic waste products (urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin) and ingested toxins (drugs, pesticides)
  3. Regulation: water & electrolytes; acid-base; arterial BP
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3
Q

____________ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys (the filtering units)…. responsible for filtering _________ and producing ______

A

nephrons; blood; urine

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4
Q

2 types of nephrons:
- ______________ nephrons (15%): closer to the medulla
- ____________ nephrons: located almost entirely in the cortex

A
  • juxtramedullary
  • cortical
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5
Q

Each nephron consists of two major parts:
1. ___________: filters the blood plasma
2. ___________: converts the filtrate to urine

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. renal tubule
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6
Q

Renal corpuscle: two main structures
1. _________________: cup-shaped hollow structure; completely surrounds the __________
2. _________________: a knot of capillaries wrapped by ____________

A
  1. bowman’s capsule; glomerulus
  2. glomerulus; podocytes
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7
Q

Glomerulus is the main __________ unit of the kidney and is located at the ___________ of the nephron

A

filtering; beginning

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8
Q

Renal corpuscle
- _______________: inside the capsule and surrounds the glomeruli

A

bowman’s space

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9
Q

_______________: a process in which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from __________ of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron
- all takes place in the ______________, specifically the __________

A

Glomerular filtration; capillaries
- renal corpuscle; glomerulus

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10
Q
  • _____________: vessel responsible for supplying blood to the glomerulus
  • _____________: structure that filtrated blood (_______) enters before flowing into the _______ _______ lumen
  • ____________: vessel that leaves the capsule and carries blood way
A
  • efferent arteriole
  • glomerular capsular space; filtrate; renal tubule
  • afferent arteriole
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11
Q

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP): the _______ pressure that promotes ____________ (i.e, the movement of small _______ and _______ from the capillaries of the glomerulus towards the capsular space)
- ______ mmHg

A

total; filtration (solutes; water)
- 10

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12
Q

3 main pressures that determine the NFP at the glomerulus

  1. ______________: is the blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
  2. ____________: mainly due to the presence of proteins (e.g. albumin) in blood plasma
  3. ___________: exerted by fluid already in the glomerular capsule
A
  1. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)
  2. Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure (GCOP)
  3. Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
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13
Q
  • How do you calculate the NFP?
  • If GHP= 65 mmHg, GCOP: 20 mmHg, CHP= 15 mmHg, what is the value of NFP?
A
  • NFP= Forces favoring filtration (GHP) - Forces that oppose it (GCOP + CHP)
  • 65 mmHg - (20+15 mmHg)= 30 mmHg
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14
Q
  • When the NFP is positive: there is net fluid _________
  • When the NFP is negative: there is net fluid _________
A
  • filtration
  • reabsorption
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15
Q

3 barriers that constitute the filtration membrane
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Fenestrated (with pores) endothelium of the capillary
  2. Basement membrane of glomerulus
  3. Filtration slits between pedicels
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16
Q

Fenestrate endothelia of the capillary
- prevents filtration of ______ _______

Basement membrane of glomerulus
- consists of a proteoglycan gel which prevents filtration of ________ proteins

Filtration slits between pedicels
- ________ charged- obstacle for _______ ______
- prevents filtration of _____-sized proteins

A
  • blood cells
  • large
  • negatively; large anions
  • medium
17
Q

__________: specialized epithelial cells that cover the outer surfaces of the glomerular capillaries
- their _____ ________ (_________) wrap around the capillaries and interdigitate with each other; ___________

A

podocytes
- foot processes (pedicels); cytoplasmatic extensions

18
Q

Substances found in kidney filtrate:
- _________
- _________
- _________
- _________
- _________

Substances NOT found in kidney filtrate
- __________
- __________

A
  • free amino acids
  • nitrogenous wastes
  • water
  • small ions
  • Glucose
  • blood cells
  • plasma proteins (e.g. albumin)
19
Q

Main nitrogenous wastes products of the body?

A
  • ammonia
  • urea
  • uric acid
  • creatinine
20
Q

Nitrogenous waste products:
- Ammonia and Urea: by-product of ______ catabolism
- Uric acid: produced by the catabolism of ___________
- Creatinine: breakdown product of __________

A
  • protein
  • nucleic acids
  • creatine
21
Q
  • ________ is the amount of _______ formed by the two kidneys combined
  • males: _____ mL/min (______ L/day)
  • females: _____mL/min (_____ L/day)
A
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR); filtrate
  • 125 (180)
  • 105 (150)
22
Q

GFR is…
- too low: fluid flows _______ through the renal tubules, they _________ wastes that should be eliminated in the urine
- too high: fluid flows through the renal tubules too ________ for them to _________ ______ and ________—> leads to __________ and __________ depletion

A
  • sluggish; reabsorb
  • rapidly; reabsorb; water; solutes dehydration; electrolyte
23
Q

Intrinsic and Extrinsic controls of the GFR

Intrinsic:
- _______ responses initiated and maintained by the _____________
- main goal: ___________ regulate ______ and ________ the glomerulus from changes in _____ that could damage them

A
  • local; kidneys
  • directly; GFR; protect; BP
24
Q

Intrinsic and Extrinsic controls of the GFR

Extrinsic:
- _________ (__________ responses)
- ________ affect GFR
- main goal: control and maintain _________ ______
- They are activated for example when there is a vast decrease in _____(that can compromise life) to restore the ______

A
  • outside (systemic)
  • indirectly
  • systemic BP
  • BP; BP
25
Q

The two intrinsic auto regulation mechanisms for maintaining GFR?
1.
2.

What do these have in common?
- both modify the ________ of the __________ arteriole in response to moderate changes in ______

A
  1. Myogenic mechanism
  2. Tubuloglomerular feedback
    - diameter; afferent; BP
26
Q

How changes in the afferent arteriole’s diameter affect the GFR…
- afferent arteriole diameter increases (________ of smooth muscle)= _____ blood will enter the glomerulus and can be filtered…. GFR ______
- afferent arteriole diameter decreases (_______ of smooth muscle )= ______ blood will enter the glomerulus…. GFR ________

A
  • relaxation; more; increase
  • contraction; less; decrease
27
Q

The myogenic mechanism is based on the tendency of smooth muscle to _______ when ________
- when BP increases, the hydrostatic pressure against the walls of the _________ arteriole _________
- this results in the activation of ______ ________ located at the walls of the arteriole
- this activation will result in _________ of smooth muscle (_____________) and _______ in the GFR

  • In case of low BP, the afferent arteriole smooth muscle _________ (________) allowing blood to flow easily into the glomerulus, which ________ the GFR
A
  • contract; stretched
  • afferent; increases
  • stretch receptors
  • contraction (vasoconstriction); decrease
  • relaxes (vasodilation); increases
28
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback: it involves the _______________ ______________

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

29
Q

The 3 components of juxtaglomerular apparatus
1. ____________: lining the wall of the _____/_______ ______ tubule
2. ___________: inside the _________ and in between the _________
3. _____________: modified smooth muscle cells wrapped around the _______ arteriole

A
  1. Macula densa: loop/distal convoluted
  2. Mesangial cells: glomerulus; capillaries
  3. Granular cells: afferent
30
Q

How does the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulate the GFR?
1. _________ cells ______ tubule flow [NaCl]
- When GFR ____: these cells secrete ______
2. _________ cells metabolize ______ to _____________
3. ___________ cells constrict the __________ arteriole in response _____________

A
  1. Macula densa; sense
    - increases; ATP
  2. Mesangial; ATP; adenosine
  3. Granular; afferent; adenosine
31
Q

Angiotensionogen is produced in the _______ and is ________

A

liver; inactive

32
Q

Renin is produced in the ________________ cells
- its an ________ that converts angiotensinogen into _______________
- Renin is released when there is _______ BP which causes a _______ in the GFR

A

juxtaglomerular
- enzyme; angiotensin I
- low; decrease

33
Q

ACE= ________________ and is produces primarily in the vascular endothelium of the _______ and ________
- converts angiotensin-I into ________________

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme; lungs; kidneys
- angiotensin-II

34
Q
  • what enzyme converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin-I?
  • what enzyme converts angiotensin-I into angiotensin-II?
A
  • renin
  • ACE
35
Q

Effects of Angiotensin II (RAAS)
- promotes _________ of __________ arterioles
- promotes __________ of ________ blood vessels

A
  • vasoconstriction; efferent
  • vasoconstriction; systemic
36
Q

Effects of Angiotensin II (RAAS): Salt and water retention
- promotes the reabsorption of sodium ions from the urine by
1. stimulating the ________ _________ in the ______
2. promoting _________ release from the adrenal gland

A
  1. Na+/H+ antiport; PCT
  2. aldosterone
37
Q

Order in which fluid flows through the kidney (from the glomerulus to the papillary duct)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. Proximal Convoluted tubule
  3. Loop of Henle (nephron loop)
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
  5. Collecting duct
  6. Papillary duct
38
Q

What structures converge to form a major calyx?

A

2-3 minor calyces

39
Q

Path of the urine through the urinary system (start with glomerulus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  3. Loop of Henle (nephron loop)
  4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  5. Collecting Duct (CD)
  6. Papillary Duct
  7. Minor calyx
  8. Major calyx
  9. Renal pelvis
  10. Ureter
  11. Urinary Bladder
  12. Urethra

BIOL 204 (28 decks)

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