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Pathology II > Lecture 7: Ocular Pathology > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Ocular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify 1-2

A
  1. Eyelid
  2. Conjunctiva
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2
Q

what is the function of eyelid

A

1st line defense and forms protective barrier

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3
Q

what type of epithelium lines eyelid

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

from eye- identify 1 and what is function

A

Meibomian glands- produce secretions that lubricate eyes

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5
Q

what is blepharitis

A

inflammation of eyelid

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6
Q

what is blepharedema

A

Edema of eyelid

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7
Q

what wrong

A

cherry eye/ prolapse of third eyelid

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8
Q

what breeds are predisposed to cherry eye and what causes it

A

bulldogs
Due to increased laxity of CT anchoring 3rd eyelid to periorbital tissue

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9
Q

what is likely dx for this benign tumor on dog eyelid

A

meibomian gland adenoma

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10
Q

what is likely dx for this tumor on cow eyelid. What other species commonly gets this

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Cats

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11
Q

what is the conjunctiva

A

mucous membranes that line the front of eyes (bulbar) and insides of eyelids (palpebral) and terminate at the corneal limbus

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12
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. bulbar conjunctiva
  2. Lacrimal gland
  3. Palpebral conjunctiva
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13
Q

What is conjunctivitis and what is it secondary to

A

inflammation of conjunctiva, secondary to infection or allergies

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14
Q

what are some common etiologies of conjunctivitis

A

herpesvirus, chlamydophila, mycoplasma

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15
Q

what is chemosis

A

edema of conjunctiva

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16
Q

What is the most common neoplasms of the conjunctiva

A
  1. Melanocytic tumors
  2. Hemangiomas/ hemagiosarcoma
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17
Q

tumor of conjunctiva- what is dx

A

Melanocytic tumor

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18
Q

what wrong

A

chemosis

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19
Q

what is the junction between cornea and sclera

A

limbus

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20
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Limbus
  3. Sclera
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21
Q

what features of the cornea allow for transparency

A
  1. No keratinized non pigmented epithelium
  2. Low cell density
  3. A vascular
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22
Q

what is the most common mechanism of injury to cornea

A

external injury (trauma, extension of eyelid/conjunctiva, chemical injury)

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23
Q

what is this called?
Cow has retrobulbar neoplasm caused by a retrovirus. What retrovirus, what neoplasm

A

exophthalmosis- protrusion of eye
Virus: BLV
Neoplasia: B cell lymphoma

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24
Q

what are the 4 ways the cornea responds to injury

A
  1. Ulceration
  2. Neovascularization
  3. Hyperpigmentation
  4. Inflammation- keratitis
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25
Q

what is the risk associated with neovascularization of cornea

A

corneal edema—> blue eye

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26
Q

what wrong

A

corneal edema

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27
Q

How does the cornea respond to injury that is shallow, mild and sterile

A

epithelial regeneration

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28
Q

how does the cornea respond to injury that is deep, infected, chronic

A

stromal fibrosis

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29
Q

horse eye- what is wrong

A

Keratomalacia- melting ulcer

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30
Q

what wrong and what layer is the damage down to in eye

A

Descemetocele leading to iris prolapse

Down to descemets membrane

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31
Q

What part of the eye has smooth muscle allowing for dilation/constriction—> controls diameter of pupil

A

iris

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32
Q

identify 1-2

A
  1. Iris leaflet
  2. Ciliary body
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33
Q

what structure makes aqueous (vitreous) humor

A

Ciliary body

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34
Q

describe the normal flow and drainage of aqueous humor

A
  1. Starts at ciliary body
  2. Moves to anterior chamber
  3. Drains out iridocorneal/filtration angle
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35
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. Ciliary body
  2. Iridocorneal/ filtration angle
  3. Anterior chamber
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36
Q

increased intraocular pressure results in ___

A

glacuoma

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37
Q

what structure is between sclera and retina

A

choroid

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38
Q

what is the function of the choroid

A

provide nutrients to retina (capillaries)

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39
Q

identify 1-2

A
  1. Retina
  2. Choroid
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40
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. Retina
  2. Choroid
  3. Sclera
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41
Q

what structure contains tapetum lucidum

A

choroid

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42
Q

what is the most common source of injury to uvea

A

hematogeous

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43
Q

what is uveitis

A

inflammation of uvea

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44
Q

what are some common causes of uveitis

A
  1. Infectious: bacterial, fungal, nematode migration, viral
  2. Immune mediated
  3. Trauma
  4. Reflex uveitis- secondary to corneal injury
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45
Q

what are some consequences of uveitis that effect the cornea

A
  1. Neovascularization
  2. Endothelia is
  3. Edema-blue eye
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46
Q

identify the changes to the cornea due to uveitis

A

left: neovascularization
Middle: endothelitis
Right: edema- blue eye

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47
Q

what are some possible causes of edema/blue eye

A
  1. FIP
  2. Canine adenovirus 1
  3. Malignant catarrhal fever
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48
Q

what are the consequences of uveitis on the iris

A
  1. Fibrovascular membrane forms
  2. Leading to synechiae
  3. Leading to iris bombe
49
Q

what is synechiae

A

Fibrinous—> fibrous adhesion between iris and lens (posterior synechiae) or iris and cornea (anterior synechiae)

50
Q

synechiae can lead to iris bombe- what is that

A

anterior bowing of the iris due to increase pressure in [posterior chamber because of bilateral posterior synechiae

51
Q

fibrovascular membrane, synechiae, and iris bombe all lead to __ and why

A

glaucoma because block aqueous flow out of filtration angle—> increase IOP—> secondary glaucoma

52
Q

what can occur secondary to glaucoma/ decreased nutrition/ inflammatory mediators

A

cataracts

53
Q

what causes retinal detachment

A
  1. Uveitis
  2. Increased vascular permeability within choroid
  3. Effusion of fluid and cells into subretinal space
  4. Retinal detachment
54
Q

what is the result of chronic retinal detachment

A

fibrinous exudate—> fibrovascular tissue

55
Q

what wrong

A

Hyphema- hemorrhage in anterior chamber

56
Q

what wrong

A

Phthisis bulbi- nonfunctional shrunken disorganized globe

57
Q

what are two developmental diseases of the uvea

A
  1. Failure of formation: aplasia or hypoplasia or iris, choroid
  2. Goniodysgenesis: altered formation of filtration angle__> glaucoma
58
Q

which normal vs abnormal and what wrong

A

Left: normal
Right: goniodysgenesis: closed filtration angle

59
Q

Systemic fungal, algal and parasitic diseases of the uvea cause what type of inflammation

A

pyogranulomatous endophthalmitis

60
Q

what are some examples of systemic fungal, algal and parasitic diseases of the uvea

A

blastomycosis, cryptococcus, coccidiodomycosis, histoplasmosis, protothecam leishmania

61
Q

What stain is this

A

Grocott’s methanamine silver stain

62
Q

what is the pathogenesis of phacolytic uveitis

A

cataract—> lysis and leakage of lens proteins—> mild anterior uveitis

63
Q

what is the pathogenesis of phacoclastic uveitis

A

cataract—> lens rupture with release of large amounts of lens protein—> foreign body type rxn—> severe lens-centric granulomatous endophthalmitis

64
Q

what is lens septic implantation syndrome and what is a common cause

A

traumatic rupture of the lens and bacteria

Cause: cat scratch

65
Q

histo of lens, what is wrong, identify issues 1-3.

A

Phacoclastic uveitis
1. Inflammation
2. Lens proteins
3. Ruptured lens

66
Q

what is the most common primary uveal neoplasia in dogs

A

canine anterior uveal melanocytoma

67
Q

t or F: canine anterior uveal melanoctyoma is benign

A

true

68
Q

what is the clinical presentation of feline diffuse iris melanoma

A

unilateral coalescing hyperpigmentation of iris that slowly progresses to iris thickening and secondary glaucoma

69
Q

t or f: feline diffuse iris melanoma is benign

A

false- malignant

70
Q

Eye of dog- what wrong

A

Canine anterior uveal melanocytoma

71
Q

eye of cat what wrong

A

iris melanoma

72
Q

what is an iridocilary (epithelial) primary uveal tumor

A

well differentiated papillary adenoma to solid carcinomas that rise from neurectoderm of posterior iris or ciliary body

73
Q

dog eye what wrong

A

Iridociliary (epithelial) tumor

74
Q

what are the 3 chambers of the eye

A

anterior, posterior, vitreous

75
Q

what part of the eye is this histo from. Which side is anterior vs posterior

A

lens
Left: anterior
Right: posterior

76
Q

the lens is dependent on ___for nutrition and removal of waste. Anything that disrupts that will result in ___

A

aqueous humor, cataract

77
Q

what are some common mechanisms of injury to lens

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Primary or secondary glaucoma
  3. Nutritional: decrease aqueous humor (secondary to glaucoma)
  4. Metabolic- DM
78
Q

how does the lens respond to injury

A

forms cataract

79
Q

what is a cataract

A

lens is opaque resulting in obstructed view

80
Q

what is a differential for cataract and how is it different

A

lenticular sclerosis- hardening of lens that does not disrupt vision

81
Q

what wrong

A

Anterior and posterior luxation of lens

82
Q

what are 2 sequela of lens luxation

A

cataracts, glaucoma

83
Q

What is primary lens luxation

A

occurs without any known trauma, often result of insufficient zonular formation (zonular ligament dysplasia)

84
Q

what breed is primary lens luxation most common in

A

terrier breeds

85
Q

what is secondary lens luxation

A

blunt trauma that causes allusion of the zonules or excess stretching of the zonules

86
Q

__% of diabetes develop rapid progressing bilateral cataracts

A

70%

87
Q

What is the pathogenesis of developing cataracts in a diabetic patient

A

high levels of glucose within aqueous diffuse into lens—> activating sorbitol pathway—> sorbitol accumulates in the lens causing osmotic swelling

88
Q

what portion of the eye is classified as neurosensory tissue held to the retinal pigmented epithelium by physical forces including presence of aqueous humor

A

retina

89
Q

what supplies retina with blood

A

retinal and chorodial vessels

90
Q

what are the most common mechanisms of injury to the retina

A
  1. Glaucoma causing destruction and atrophy of inner retina
  2. Inflammation, infection, vascular disease, trauma—> retinal detachment
  3. Endophthalmitis extending to cause retinitis
  4. Photoreceptor degeneration (inherited> toxic)
91
Q

Systemic hypertension is an important cause of ___in dogs and cats

A

hypertensive Retinopathy

92
Q

what are the clinical signs of hypertensive retinopathy

A

intraocular hemorrhage, retinal hemorrhage and edema, retinal separation, retinal degeneration

93
Q

from cat eye who was hyperthyroid- what changes are seen

A

Ateriolar walls thickened by amorphous lamellar eosinophilic material.

Intraocular hemorrhage (right)

Hyperthyroidism (increase BP)—> hypertensive retinopathy

94
Q

What are some causes of glaucoma

A
  1. Removal of aqueous humor
  2. Sustained increase amount of intraocular aqueous humor
  3. Stretching of ocular globe
  4. Damage to ocular structures, especially retina and optic disc
  5. Loss of vision/blindness
95
Q

what is buphthalmos

A

atrophy/stretching of most structures in eye

96
Q

what is primary glaucoma

A

occurring without any known acquired intraocular disease, resulting from developmental errors

97
Q

what are some causes of primary glaucoma

A
  1. Goniodysgenesis: abnormal and incomplete development of the iridocorneal angle (dogs)
  2. Open angle glaucoma- dysfunction of an anatomically correct iridocorneal angle (cats, dogs, horses)
98
Q

which is more common secondary or primary glaucoma

A

secondary

99
Q

What is secondary glaucoma

A

acquired obstruction of aqueous humor outflow/ iridocorneal angle

100
Q

what are some causes of secondary glaucoma

A

neoplasia, hemorrhage, fibrin, inflammation, pre-iridium fibrovascular membrane, pupillary block (synechiae, lens luxation)

101
Q

What wrong

A

anophthalmia- no detectable globe development

102
Q

what wrong

A

microphthalmia- small, disorganized globe in normal sized orbit

103
Q

what causes microphthalmia

A

exogenous injury (in utero, trauma, ischemia, infection) rather than primary maldevelopment

104
Q

what is pathogenesis of cyclopia

A

ewes grazing pastures with veratrum californicum on day 14 gestation give birth to lambs with this malformation

105
Q

what wrong and pathogenesis

A

Coloboma (aka collie eye anomaly)

Defect in closure of optic fissure—> prevents local formation of choroid and sclera—> outpouching of the caudal eye— retina may grow outward through defect

106
Q

What wrong and pathogenesis

A

Equine keratomycosis

Corneal wounds> opportunistic infection by fungi (aspergillus)

107
Q

What predisposes horses to equine keratomycosis

A

use of topical antibiotics and corticosteroids

108
Q

what wrong and pathogenesis

A

Equine recurrent uveitis (aka moon blindness)

Recurrent bouts of uveitis—> fibrovascular membrane, synechiae, cataract—> pthisis bulbi

109
Q

what is the most common cause of equine glaucoma and blindness

A

equine recurrent uveitis

110
Q

what is the cause of equine recurrent uveitis

A

immune mediated dz possibly instigated by leptospiria

111
Q

cow eye- what wrong and what cause

A

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis caused by moraxella Bovis

112
Q

cow eye- what wrong and what cause

A

Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (OVH2) associated uveitis

Vasculitis—> corneal edema

113
Q

dog eye- what wrong and what cause

A

chronic superficial keratitis

Immune mediated and genetic predisposition (GSD)

114
Q

what wrong and what cause/ pathogenesis

A

uveodermatological syndrome

Immune mediated granulomatous inflammation targeting protein of melanin synthesis

Facial dermal depigmentation/ulcerations and severe bilateral uveitis—> retinal separation and glaucoma

115
Q

what breeds are predisposed to uveodermatological syndrome

A

akitas, huskies, samoyeds, aussies

116
Q

cat eye- what wrong and what cause

A

Dendritic ulcers —> feline herpetic keratitis caused by FHV-1

117
Q

in cats, what does enrofloxacin and fluoroquinolones cause

A

photoreceptor degeneration

118
Q

cat eye- what wrong and what is it characterized by. What cause

A

eosinophilic keratitis
Cause: idiopathic
Characterized by granular, white to pink proliferative plaque

119
Q

cat eye what wrong and what cause

A

feline primary ocular sarcoma

Cause: trauma

Pathology II (15 decks)

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