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Pathology II > Lecture 5: Hemolymphatic system I > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Hemolymphatic system I Flashcards

1
Q

Erythroid and myeloid precursors form what

A

erythroid: RBC
Myeloid: all other WBC

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2
Q

megakaryocytes form what

A

platelets

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3
Q

___cells are one precursor cell in bone marrow that gives rise to many different cell types

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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4
Q

what is the role of erythropoietin

A

produce more RBC. It is produced by kidney and senses low blood volume or hypoxia and increases RBC

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5
Q

what does thrombopoitein do

A

increase platelet volume

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6
Q

which bone marrow is indicative of young vs old animal

A

red marrow- young
Yellow/fat marrow- old

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7
Q

what is extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

hematopoiesis occurring outside of the bone marrow

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8
Q

when does extramedullary hematopoiesis occur

A

during stress or disease states

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9
Q

What organ is responsible for filtering the blood

A

spleen

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10
Q

what is the red pulp

A

monocyte-macrophage system cells, vascular spaces, stromal cells, hematopoiesis

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11
Q

what is the white pulp

A

primary site for B and T cell interactions

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12
Q

what is the function of the trabecular smooth muscle in spleen

A

allows it to contract

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13
Q

what tissue is this and identify 1-2

A

spleen
1. White pulp
2. Red pulp

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14
Q

what is the structure and function of lymph node cortex

A

outer and inner, B and T cell follicles, respectively.
Important site for B/T cell interactions

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15
Q

what cells make up medulla of LN

A

cords of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and sinuses

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16
Q

lymph nodes ___specific areas of the body that allow for surveillance for ___within blood/lymph

A

drain, antigens

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17
Q

lymph h node- identify 1-6 (2, 4, and 6- what cells present)

A
  1. Outer cortex
  2. B cell follicles
  3. Inner cortex
  4. T cell follicles
  5. Medulla
  6. Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
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18
Q

where is the thymus located

A

cranial mediastinum

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the lymphoid portion of thymus

A

T lymphocyte development

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20
Q

what is function of epithelial portion of thymus and what does it contain

A

“scaffold for thymus”, Hassalls corpuscles

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21
Q

what type of tissue is this and identify 1-2

A

thymus
1. Lymphoid portion- t lymphocytes
2. Epithelial portion- hassall’s corpuscles

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22
Q

what is this structure in a young animal

A

thymus

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23
Q

what is the function of the thymus

A

differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes, positive and negative selection

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24
Q

what is positive selection in thymus

A

survival of T lymphocytes because they appropriately recognize MHC and dont react to self antigens

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25
Q

what is negative selection in thymus

A

results in apoptosis/ death of T lymphocytes that recognize host cell/ self antigens

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26
Q

what are some causes of hyperplasia in bone marrow

A

hypoxemia, tissue inflammation, hemorrhage, hemolysis, idiopathic

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27
Q

bone marrow of older patient. What response to injury occurred

A

Hyperplasia- diffusely red marrow- increased hematopoietic tissue

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28
Q

What is happening here and describe the pathogenesis

A
  1. Chronic interstitial pneumonia
  2. Longstanding hypoxemia
  3. Increased renal erythropoietin production
  4. Bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia
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29
Q

What is an example of a syndrome that can cause dysplasia

A

myelodysplastic syndrome- abnormal/immature hematopoietic cells

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30
Q

what is the normal ratio of fat to hematopoietic cells in normal bone marrow

A

50/50

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31
Q

what happens to fat: hematopoietic cell ratio in a hypoplastic bone marrow

A

increase ratio of fat

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32
Q

which of the following is normal vs abnormal and what is wrong

A

left: normal
Right: abnormal- hypoplasia of bone marrow

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33
Q

what is aplasia in bone marrow

A

failure of hematopoietic cell development- ALL hematopoietic lineages in bone marrow

34
Q

what is the result of aplasia of bone marrow

A

aplastic anemia- cytopenias of all cell lines- aplastic pancytopenia

35
Q

what are some causes of asplasia leading to aplastic anemia

A
  1. Chemical- antimicrobial, chemotherapy, phenylbutazone, bracken fern
  2. Infectious- ehrlichia, parvo, FIV, FeLV
  3. Idiopathic
36
Q

pancytopenia including thrombocytopenia increases risk for __ and __

A

infections and hemorrhages

37
Q

what is myelophthisis

A

replacement of hematopoietic tissue

38
Q

what are some causes of myelophthisis

A
  1. Neoplasia- leukemia, lymphoma
  2. Myelofibrosis- fibrosis as sequels of necrosis
  3. Inflammation
39
Q

What wrong and what is pathogenesis

A
  1. Chronic negative energy balance
  2. Excessive marrow fat use and atrophy
  3. Serous atrophy of fat
40
Q

normal bone marrow in a young animal will have greater amounts of hematopoietic tissue or fat

A

hematopoietic tissue

41
Q

systemic inflammation/infection would be expected to cause: bone marrow hypoplasia or hyperplasia

A

hyperplasia

42
Q

aplastic anemia is an example of bone marrow __that results in cytopenias of __ cell lines

A

aplasia, all

43
Q

what are some clinical signs of anemia

A

Pale MM, lethargy, weakness, exercise intolerance, increase liver enzymes, cardiac murmurs

44
Q

suspect anemia, perform a blood smear, what sign would be seen for regenerative anemia

A

reticulocytes

45
Q

anemic patient, perform blood smear, what are these and what does it tell you

A

Reticulocytes—> regenerative anemia

46
Q

what species do not release reticulocytes into circulation and require bone marrow examination or sequential CBC to determine regenerative anemia

A

horses

47
Q

what are some causes of regenerative anemia due to hemorrhage/loss

A

trauma, von Willie brand dz, neoplasia, GI ulceration, parasites

48
Q

what are some causes of regenerative anemia due to hemolysis

A
  1. Immune mediated
  2. Infections-hemoparasites
  3. Toxins- oxidizing, clostridial
  4. Mechanical fragmentation
  5. Incompatible blood transfusions
49
Q

what is hemolytic anemia

A

increased rate of erythrocyte destruction

50
Q

where does extravascular hemolytic anemia occur

A

hemolysis at level of spleen

51
Q

where does intravascular hemolytic anemia occur

A

Within blood vessels

52
Q

what are 2 common findings for both intravascular and extravascular hemolytic anemia

A
  1. Prophetic hyperbilirubinemia causing icterus
  2. Splenomegaly
53
Q

what type of hemolytic anemia caused this

A

both intra and extravascular

54
Q

which is more common: intra or extravascular hemolytic anemia

A

extravascular

55
Q

what gross lesions are associated with extravascular hemolytic anemia

A
  1. Meaty splenomegaly- no blood on cut section
56
Q

what causes splenomegaly in extravascular hemolysis

A

destruction of RBC’s by hyperplastic macrophages (increased # of macrophages)

57
Q

what are some common causes of extravascular hemolysis

A
  1. IMHA
  2. Mechanical fragmentation
  3. Hemoparasites
58
Q

what type of hemolytic anemia caused this

A

extravascular hemolytic anemia

59
Q

what are the causes of IMHA

A
  1. Primary- idiopathic
  2. Secondary- neoplasia/infection
60
Q

what type of hemolytic anemia is present with IMHA

A

extravascular hemolytic anemia

61
Q

what is the target and pathogenesis for IMHA

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Enhanced destruction by splenic macrophages
  3. Marked regenerative response and activation of thrombosis
62
Q

what are some postmortem findings of IMHA

A
  1. Icterus
  2. Splenomegaly
  3. Thromboembolic disease and/ or hypoxia—> ischemic necrosis of liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen (infarcts)
63
Q

What is neonatal iseoerythrolysis

A

type of IMHA in horses that occurs when newborn receives colostrum derived maternal antibodies which react against its own erythrocytes= extravascular lysis

64
Q

what is the pathogenesis of neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

immunosensitization of the mare from exposure to an incompatible blood type inherited from a stallion (especially Aa and Qa)

65
Q

Foal necropsy shows these signs, blood work also shows anemia, what is wrong

A

Neonatal isoerythrolysis

66
Q

what are two signs of intravascular hemolysis

A
  1. Hemoglobinemia: serum is pink following centrifugation
  2. Hemoglobinuria
67
Q

what are some causes of intravascular hemolysis

A
  1. Toxins- clostridial
  2. Oxidants- copper, onion, acetaminophen, red maple leaf
  3. Hemoparasites- Babesia
68
Q

what is the pathogensis of bacillary hemoglobinuria

A
  1. Patient with C. Hemolyticum or C. Novyi dormant in liver
  2. Flukes migrate through liver causing necrosis
  3. Produce anaerobic environment
  4. Spores germinate into vegetative form
  5. Produce toxins that directly damage RBC membrane
  6. Intravascular hemolysis/ hemolytic anemia
69
Q

what are some differentials for wine port colored urine in ruminants

A
  1. Copper toxicity
  2. Babesiosis
  3. Bacillary hemoglobinuria
  4. Leptospirosis
70
Q

what is the result of an oxidative injury

A

conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin which can’T bind oxygen, blood is a brown color

71
Q

Take blood and its a chocolate color- what is wrong

A

exposed to oxidant—> methomeglobinemia—> intravascular hemolytic anemia

72
Q

what are some common oxidants

A

copper poisoning, nitrate poisoning, brassica toxicity (kale and turnip), red maple leaf, acetaminophen, naphthalene, propofol, zinc

73
Q

why should you never feed red maple leaves to a horse and what are some signs of toxicity

A
  1. Oxidative injury to RBC’s
  2. Intravascular hemolysis

Signs: icterus, hemoglobinuric nephrosis with hemoglobinuria

74
Q

perform a blood smear on anemic patient and there are no reticulocytes- what does that tell you and what are two origins of disease

A
  1. Non regenerative anemia

Diseases
1. Primary bone marrow disease
2. Extra marrow disease

75
Q

9 month old cat presents to you in respiratory distress and you take chest rad and discover a mass within cranial mediastinum. Cat is known to be FeLV positive.

What structure is likely affected?
What relevance does FeLV have

A
  1. Thymus likely affected
  2. Retroviruses like FeLV like to induce neoplasia—> lymphoma
76
Q

What organ specific cell type is involved in extravascular hemolysis

A

splenic macrophages

77
Q

on a blood smear in an anemic patient, seeing __indicates regenerative anemia

A

reticulocytes

78
Q

What are some causes of extravascular hemolytic anemia

A

Immune mediate (IMHA, neonatal isoerythrolysis), mechanical fragmentation (DIC), hemoparasites

79
Q

immune mediated disease primarily causes what type of hemolysis

A

extravascular

80
Q

oxidizing agents and bacterial toxins typically cause what type of hemolysis

A

Intravascular hemolysis

Pathology II (8 decks)

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