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Pathology II > Lecture 14: Liver pathology I > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Liver pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

Normal liver is ___% of BW

A

2-3%

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2
Q

liver receives ___% of cardiac output

A

25%

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3
Q

The liver is very susceptible to what type of injury

A

hypoxic injury

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4
Q

what is the most important liver function

A

synthesis of plasma proteins- albumins, globulins, clotting factors

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5
Q

what makes up the portal triad

A
  1. Portal vein
  2. Hepatic artery
  3. Bile duct
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6
Q

what is the function of hepatocytes

A
  1. Synthesize and secrete plasma proteins- clotting factors, acute phase proteins, and bile acids
  2. Detoxification
  3. Store nutrients
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7
Q

what tissue is this, identify 1-4

A
  1. Hepatocytes
  2. Portal vein
  3. Bile duct
    4, hepatic artery
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8
Q

what structure indicated by asterisks

A

Centrilobular vein

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9
Q

what vessel drains the 02 poor, nutrient rich blood from intestines, stomach, pancreas and spleen

A

portal vein

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10
Q

what vessel provides 75% of oxygen to liver

A

hepatic artery

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11
Q

what zone is more susceptible to direct acting toxins

A

zone 1 or peri portal because gets most blood

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12
Q

what zone is more suspcetible to hypoxia injury

A

zone 3 or centrilobular-gets less blood

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13
Q

what cell serves as first line of defense of liver

A

kupffer cells-hepatic macrophages

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14
Q

Is cell swelling a reversible or irreversible response to injury

A

reversible

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15
Q

what does chronic active injury in liver lead to

A

fibrosis, bile duct proliferation—> cirrhosis

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16
Q

what liver dysfunction leads to icterus

A

hyperbilirubinemia due to pre-hepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic dysfunction

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17
Q

what can cause pre-hepatic dysfunction leading to icterus

A

hemolysis

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18
Q

what can cause hepatic dysfunction leading to icterus

A

Decreased conjugation and secretion of bilirubin

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19
Q

what can cause post-hepatic dysfunction leading to icterus

A

reduction of bile outflow- cholestasis

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20
Q

What is pathogenesis of hemorrhage in liver

A

hepatocyte damage—> decreased clotting factors produced

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21
Q

horses with acute liver injury can get __, unknown cause

A

intravascular hemolysis

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22
Q

what does copper toxicity cause and why

A

hemolysis due to oxidative injury

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23
Q

what are the two mechanisms of ascites from liver injury

A
  1. Fibrosis—> portal hypertension—> edema—> ascites
  2. Decreased albumin—> decreased oncotic pressure—>ascites
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24
Q

what wrong and what pathogenesis n

A

Photosensitivity
Severe liver disease—> can’t remove phylloerythrin—> accumulates in serum and skin—> UV light activates phylloerythrin in non-pigmented areas of skin—> necrosis of epithelial cells/epidermis

25
what is hepatic encephalopathy associated with and due to what
ammonia not being cleared due to damage or shunting
26
what are some clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy
ataxia, depression, head pressing, behavioral change, convulsions
27
what is hepatic encephalopathy most commonly associated with
PSS
28
what wrong and what cause
ammonium urate uroliths due to increased urine acid and ammonium excretion Associated with PSS
29
what is the best way to biopsy a liver
wedge, collect from 3 lobes and save some for culture and copper
30
what wrong
bile accumulation- cholestasis Note brown material in sinusoids
31
what wrong and what are some causes
Glycogen accumulation Causes: 1. Hyperadrenocorticism (most common) 2. DM
32
what is pathogenesis of hepatic lipidosis
primary disease causing negative energy balance—> increased fat mobilization from fat stores—> lipid accumulation in liver
33
what are some potential causes of hepatic lipidosis in ruminants
late pregnancy, acute anorexia
34
what are some causes of feline hepatic lipidosis
DM and DKA, anorexia
35
What wrong
Hepatic lipidosis
36
What wrong and what cause
amyloidosis due to overproduction of amyloid A protein
37
what is a PSS
vascular channel that connects portal vein to systemic circulation (bypasses liver)
38
intrahepatic shunts are common in who
large breed dogs
39
extrahepatic shunts common in who
small breed dogs and cats
40
what are some signs of PSS
poor, shunted growth, behavioral change, collapse, convulsions
41
what wrong
extrahepatic PSS
42
what wrong and what zone of liver is affected
Passive congestion due to right sided heart failure Centrilobular zone most affected because hypoxia injury
43
when does portal hypertension occur
blood flow in/put of liver gets slowed down
44
what is most common cause of portal hypertension
hepatic fibrosis
45
Acquired PSS can develop as a result of __
portal hypertension
46
what is the likely cause of centrilobular (zone 3) necrosis
hypoxia and toxicity
47
what is the likely cause of multifocal random hepatic necrosis
infection
48
what is the likely cause of massive necrosis of majority of liver
toxic
49
Hepatocellular toxins cause __ and lead to __
lipidosis, centrilobular necrosis
50
what drugs are hepatocellular toxins
acetominophen, phenobarbital, xylitol
51
what minerals are hepatocellular toxins
copper, iron
52
what are some causes of cooper toxicity in sheep
1. Increased intake 2. Increased availability due to low molybdenum 3. Hepatocelllular damage from other toxins
53
what is the consequence of too much copper
oxidative damage and hepatocellular necrosis
54
what are some signs of cooper toxicity
icterus, swollen and pale liver, hemoglobinuria
55
copper storage hepatopathy is common in what breed
bedlington terrier
56
what causes copper storage hepatopathy
inadequate excretion of bile possibly due to dietary excessive copper in commercial dog food
57
what causes theiler’s disease (aka equine serum hepatitis)
parvovirus
58
horse liver- what likely dx and cause
dx: theilers disease Cause: parvovirus

Pathology II (26 decks)

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