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Pathology II > Lecture 2: Integument I > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Integument I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deep

A

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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2
Q

The lucidum is only present where

A

In thick/ hairless skin (ex: paw pads)

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3
Q

What specialized cells are in the epidermis

A

Melanocytes, langerhans, merkel cells

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4
Q

What is the dermis composed of

A

Collagen, elastic fibers, GAG matrix, vessels, nerves, piloerector muscles

Adnexa: hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, eccrine glands

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5
Q

What is the adnexa composed of

A

Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, eccrine glands

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6
Q

What is the subcutis/panniculus/hypodermis composed of

A

Adipose tissue, collagenous, elastic fibers, more vessels and nerves

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7
Q

Identify 1-3

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutis/panniculus/ hypodermis
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8
Q

What layer of the skin is made of mature keratinocytes (corneocytes), toughness of skin/protection layer

A

Stratum corneum

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9
Q

What layer of the skin is composed of polyhedral cells without granules attached by desmosomes, when fixed appear “spines”

A

Stratum spinosum

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10
Q

What layer of the skin are desmosomes most apparent

A

Stratum spinosum

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11
Q

What layer of the skin is only present in hairless skin, composed of compact keratinized cells and appear transparent histologically

A

Stratum lucidum

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12
Q

What layer of the skin is the germinal layer, cuboidal cells, rest on basement membrane, and have unipotent stem cells

A

Stratum basale

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13
Q

What layer of the skin is composed of the granular cell layer, granules of keratin (keratohyalin granules)

A

Stratum granulosum

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14
Q

What cells of the epidermis protect the skin from the environment. They arise from stratum basale and differentiate as they reach stratum corneum

A

Keratinocytes

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15
Q

What is the function of melanocytes

A

Melanin pigment, color to hair follicle and skin, protect from UV injury

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16
Q

What is the function of langerhans

A

Type of dendritic cell that presents antigens to T cells

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17
Q

What is the function of merkel cells

A

Mechanoreceptors, present in skin with high tactile sensitivty

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18
Q

Based on the appearance of skin layers which image is more likely to be taken from the thorax vs paw pad and why

A

Left: thorax because much thinner epidermis
Right: paw pads because thicker epidermis and stratum corneum

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19
Q

What is indicated by the circle

A

follicular Ostia (pore)

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20
Q

What are some functions of the dermis

A
  1. Tensile strength and elasticity
  2. Vascular supply, nerves and movement of immune cells
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21
Q

What layer of skin is responsible for wound healing and sensation

A

Dermis

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22
Q

What is the function of hair follicles

A

Protection/ thermal insulation, sensory perception

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23
Q

What are the 4 stages in the hair growth cycle

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
  4. Exogen
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24
Q

What affects the hair growth cycle

A

Nutrition, health status, hormones, season

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25
Q

What are the 3 regions of the hair follicle

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Isthmus
  3. Inferior region
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26
Q

What is the infundibulum of the hair follicle

A

Part of the hair follicle extends from the epidermis to the opening of the sebaceous gland duct

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27
Q

What is the isthmus of the hair follicle

A

Extends from the attachment of the arrector pili muscle into the entrance of the sebaceous gland duct

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28
Q

What is the inferior region of the hair follicle

A

Includes the hair bulb, growth, nutrients, and anchors

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29
Q

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle

A

smooth muscle contraction, causes erection of hairs and expression of sebaceous glands

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30
Q

What type of gland is the sebaceous gland

A

Holocene gland- cells contain fat and when cells breakdown contents/secretions are released

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31
Q

What are the functions of the sebaceous gland

A

Secrete sebum onto skin surfaces and into follicles to protect hair follicle and lubricate

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32
Q

What is this and what adnexal structure could have caused this

A

feline chin acne- caused by sebaceous gland—> folliculitis and comedon formation

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33
Q

What are apocrine glands

A

Sweat glands, “coiled glands: of hair skin, secrete at level of follicular Ostia

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34
Q

What are eccrine glands

A

Sweat glands “tubular glands” typically of non-haired skin, secrete onto epidermal surface

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35
Q

What are some locations for eccrine glands

A
  1. Paw pads
  2. Frog
  3. Nasolabial region
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36
Q

What are some functions of the subcutis/panniculus

A
  1. Structural support and anchor to deeper tissues
  2. Collagenous and elastic fibers: flexibility
  3. Adipose tissue: flexibility, tissue insulation, shock absorption, caloric reserve
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37
Q

What are some portals of entry to the dermis

A
  1. Hematogenous
  2. Nerves
  3. Penetration via follicular Ostia
  4. Rupture of sebaceous gland, apocrine gland or follicle
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38
Q

What is the portal of entry/ spread for erysipelothrix rhusiopathie, TMS cutaneous reactions

A

Hematogenous

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39
Q

What is the portal of entry and spread for FHV-1

A

Nerves

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40
Q

What is the portal of entry/ spread that is utilized by mites, bacteria, dermatophytes

A

penetration via follicular Ostia

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41
Q

What is this and what is likely cause and portal of entry

A

Ulcerative facial dermatitis
Cause: FHV-1
POE: nerves

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42
Q

What is this, what is the cause and what is portal of entry

A

Diamond skin disease
Cause: E. Rhusiopathie
POE: Hematogenous

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43
Q

What is hyperkeratosis

A

Alterations in cornification, increased thickness of stratum corneum

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44
Q

What are the two types of hyperkeratosis

A
  1. Orthokeratosis
  2. Parakeratosis
45
Q

Orthokeratosis vs parakeratosis: which has nuclei present vs absent

A

Orthokeratosis: nuclei absent
Parakeratosis: nuclei present

46
Q

What are some primary and secondary causes of orthokeratosis

A

Primary: seborrhea in cocker spaniels

Secondary: ichthyosis, callus

47
Q

What are some causes of Parakeratosis

A

Zinc responsive dermatitis, superficial necrolytic dermatitis

48
Q

What is wrong

A

Orthokeratosis

49
Q

What is wrong

A

Parakeratosis

50
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

51
Q

Hyperplasia is typically secondary to ___

A

Chronic stimuli

52
Q

What are the 4 types of hyperplasia

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Papillated
    4, pseudocarcinomatous
53
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Abnormal development, alteration in size, shape, and organization of mature cells

54
Q

T or F: dysplasia precedes formation of non-invasive carcinomas

A

True

55
Q

What metabolic disease is atrophy common in

A

Cushing/ hyperadrenocorticism

56
Q

What is spongiosis

A

Fluid accumulation between cells

57
Q

Spongiosis is secondary to __ or ___

A

Trauma or acute inflammation

58
Q

What is hydropic or ballooning degeneration

A

Intracellular fluid causing cytoplasmic swelling of keratinocytes that can lead to rupture an formation of microvesicles

59
Q

What are some causes of hydropic/ ballooning degneration

A

Immune mediated dz
1. Lupus erythematosus
2. Dermatomyositis
3. Lupoid onychodystrophy

60
Q

What wrong

A

Spongiosis

61
Q

What wrong

A

Hydropic degneration

62
Q

What is acantholysis

A

Disruption of intercellular junction (desmosomes) between keratinocytes

63
Q

What are some examples of dz that can cause acantholysis

A
  1. Pemphigus vulgaris
  2. Pemphigus foliaceus
64
Q

What is a vesicle/bullae

A

Fluid filed intraepidermal or subdermal space

65
Q

What causes vesicles/ bulllae to form

A

immune mediated, burns, viral etc that lead to lack of epidermal cell adhesion—> fluid accumulation

66
Q

What wrong

A

Spongiosis

67
Q

what wrong

A

Acantholysis and pemphigus follicaceous

68
Q

What is hyperpigmentation/ what cause

A

Increased melanocytes or increased melanin production

69
Q

What causes hyperpigmentation/ what is pathogenesis

A

Chronic inflammation—> increased melanin stimulating factor

70
Q

What wrong

A

Hyperpigmentation, ex: lentigo in cats

71
Q

What is the congenital or hereditary cause of hypopigmentation

A

Lack of melanocytes, failure to make melanin, failure of melanin transfer

72
Q

What are some examples of acquired hypopigmentation

A
  1. Copper deficiency
  2. Uveodermatologic syndrome
  3. Pigmentary incontinence
73
Q

What is pigmentary incontienence

A

Inflammation vs immune mediated causes melanin to move from the basal epidermal layer to the dermis

74
Q

What is the result of atrophy in the dermis

A

Decreased collagen fibers, fibroblasts, adnexa, decreased thickness and elasticity

75
Q

What are some examples of dz that can cause atrophy in dermis

A

1 Cushing
2. Skin fragility syndrome in felines

76
Q

What occurs during fibrosis in dermis

A

Proliferation of fibroblasts and newly formed collagen fibrils

77
Q

T or F: collagen dysplasia is inherited

A

True

78
Q

What is the result of collagen dysplasia

A

Decreased tensile strength—>increased stretch of skin

79
Q

What is an example of a disease that cause collagen dysplasia

A

Ehlers danlos

80
Q

What wrong

A

ehlers danlos- collagen dysplasia

81
Q

What is the correct orientation of granulation tissue

A

Vertically oriented capillaries and horizontally oriented fibroblasts and a few collagen fibers providing a “lattice work”

82
Q

What type of tissue is this based on orientation

A

granulation tissue

83
Q

What wrong and what disease is commonly associated

A

Calcinosis cutis
Dz: Cushing

84
Q

What occurs during acute dermatitis

A

Hyperemia, edema, exocytosis of leukocytes, release of inflammatory mediators

85
Q

What are the 4 results of acute dermatitis

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Abscess
  3. Scar
  4. Progression
86
Q

What cells are present in chronic dermatitis

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes, and p,as a cells

87
Q

What type of hypertrophy is commonly associated with acral lick dermatitis

A

Follicular hypertrophy

88
Q

What is follicular dysplasia

A

Failure of hair growth due to abnormal development of follicle and/or hair shaft

89
Q

T or F: follicular dysplasia is inherited

A

True

90
Q

What is folliculitis

A

inflammation of hair follicle

91
Q

What is perifolliculitis

A

Inflammation around hair follicle

92
Q

What is mural folliculitis

A

Inflammation in the wall of the hair follicle

93
Q

What is luminal folliculitis

A

Inflammation in the lumen of the hair follicle

94
Q

What is furunculosis

A

Inflammation weakens the follicular wall and results in rupture and release of contents into dermis

95
Q

What are some causes of furnuculosis

A

Dermatophytes, mites, bacteria

96
Q

What’s going on here

A

Left: alopecia and hyperpigmentation
Left middle: mite on follicular lumen—> mural folliculitis
Right middle: mural folliculitis, vacuolar degeneration
Right: follicular wall disrupted- furnuclosis

97
Q

What is hidradentitis

A

Inflammation of apocrine gland

98
Q

What is sebaceous adentitis

A

Inflammation of sebaceous gland

99
Q

What type of disease is sebaceous adentitis

A

Immune mediated

100
Q

What does histo of acute sebaceous adenitis look like

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages around ducts

101
Q

What does chronic sebaceous adenitis look like

A

Loss of sebaceous glands, scarring, follicular hyperkeratosis

102
Q

What breeds have a genetic predisposition to sebaceous adenitis

A

Poodles and Akitas

103
Q

What is the diagnostic test for sebaceous adenitis

A

Skin biopsies

104
Q

What wrong

A

sebaceous adenitis

105
Q

What is panniculitis

A

Inflammation of adipose tissue/subcutis

106
Q

What is the main target of primary panniculitis

A

Adipose tissue

107
Q

What is an example of primary panniculitis and its pathogenesis

A

Feline pancreatitis—> decrease vitamin E in diet—> oxidation of fat—> pyogranulomatous inflammation

108
Q

What is secondary panniculitis

A

Subcutis is affected by inflammation of dermis that extends into subcutis

109
Q

What are some causes of secondary panniculitis

A
  1. Deep bacterial folliculitis with furunculosis
  2. Penetrating wound
  3. FB

Pathology II (8 decks)

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