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Pathology II > Lecture 2: Integument I > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Integument I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from most superficial to deep

A

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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2
Q

The lucidum is only present where

A

In thick/ hairless skin (ex: paw pads)

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3
Q

What specialized cells are in the epidermis

A

Melanocytes, langerhans, merkel cells

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4
Q

What is the dermis composed of

A

Collagen, elastic fibers, GAG matrix, vessels, nerves, piloerector muscles

Adnexa: hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, eccrine glands

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5
Q

What is the adnexa composed of

A

Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, eccrine glands

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6
Q

What is the subcutis/panniculus/hypodermis composed of

A

Adipose tissue, collagenous, elastic fibers, more vessels and nerves

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7
Q

Identify 1-3

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutis/panniculus/ hypodermis
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8
Q

What layer of the skin is made of mature keratinocytes (corneocytes), toughness of skin/protection layer

A

Stratum corneum

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9
Q

What layer of the skin is composed of polyhedral cells without granules attached by desmosomes, when fixed appear “spines”

A

Stratum spinosum

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10
Q

What layer of the skin are desmosomes most apparent

A

Stratum spinosum

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11
Q

What layer of the skin is only present in hairless skin, composed of compact keratinized cells and appear transparent histologically

A

Stratum lucidum

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12
Q

What layer of the skin is the germinal layer, cuboidal cells, rest on basement membrane, and have unipotent stem cells

A

Stratum basale

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13
Q

What layer of the skin is composed of the granular cell layer, granules of keratin (keratohyalin granules)

A

Stratum granulosum

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14
Q

What cells of the epidermis protect the skin from the environment. They arise from stratum basale and differentiate as they reach stratum corneum

A

Keratinocytes

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15
Q

What is the function of melanocytes

A

Melanin pigment, color to hair follicle and skin, protect from UV injury

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16
Q

What is the function of langerhans

A

Type of dendritic cell that presents antigens to T cells

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17
Q

What is the function of merkel cells

A

Mechanoreceptors, present in skin with high tactile sensitivty

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18
Q

Based on the appearance of skin layers which image is more likely to be taken from the thorax vs paw pad and why

A

Left: thorax because much thinner epidermis
Right: paw pads because thicker epidermis and stratum corneum

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19
Q

What is indicated by the circle

A

follicular Ostia (pore)

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20
Q

What are some functions of the dermis

A
  1. Tensile strength and elasticity
  2. Vascular supply, nerves and movement of immune cells
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21
Q

What layer of skin is responsible for wound healing and sensation

A

Dermis

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22
Q

What is the function of hair follicles

A

Protection/ thermal insulation, sensory perception

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23
Q

What are the 4 stages in the hair growth cycle

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
  4. Exogen
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24
Q

What affects the hair growth cycle

A

Nutrition, health status, hormones, season

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25
What are the 3 regions of the hair follicle
1. Infundibulum 2. Isthmus 3. Inferior region
26
What is the infundibulum of the hair follicle
Part of the hair follicle extends from the epidermis to the opening of the sebaceous gland duct
27
What is the isthmus of the hair follicle
Extends from the attachment of the arrector pili muscle into the entrance of the sebaceous gland duct
28
What is the inferior region of the hair follicle
Includes the hair bulb, growth, nutrients, and anchors
29
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle
smooth muscle contraction, causes erection of hairs and expression of sebaceous glands
30
What type of gland is the sebaceous gland
Holocene gland- cells contain fat and when cells breakdown contents/secretions are released
31
What are the functions of the sebaceous gland
Secrete sebum onto skin surfaces and into follicles to protect hair follicle and lubricate
32
What is this and what adnexal structure could have caused this
feline chin acne- caused by sebaceous gland—> folliculitis and comedon formation
33
What are apocrine glands
Sweat glands, “coiled glands: of hair skin, secrete at level of follicular Ostia
34
What are eccrine glands
Sweat glands “tubular glands” typically of non-haired skin, secrete onto epidermal surface
35
What are some locations for eccrine glands
1. Paw pads 2. Frog 3. Nasolabial region
36
What are some functions of the subcutis/panniculus
1. Structural support and anchor to deeper tissues 2. Collagenous and elastic fibers: flexibility 3. Adipose tissue: flexibility, tissue insulation, shock absorption, caloric reserve
37
What are some portals of entry to the dermis
1. Hematogenous 2. Nerves 3. Penetration via follicular Ostia 4. Rupture of sebaceous gland, apocrine gland or follicle
38
What is the portal of entry/ spread for erysipelothrix rhusiopathie, TMS cutaneous reactions
Hematogenous
39
What is the portal of entry and spread for FHV-1
Nerves
40
What is the portal of entry/ spread that is utilized by mites, bacteria, dermatophytes
penetration via follicular Ostia
41
What is this and what is likely cause and portal of entry
Ulcerative facial dermatitis Cause: FHV-1 POE: nerves
42
What is this, what is the cause and what is portal of entry
Diamond skin disease Cause: E. Rhusiopathie POE: Hematogenous
43
What is hyperkeratosis
Alterations in cornification, increased thickness of stratum corneum
44
What are the two types of hyperkeratosis
1. Orthokeratosis 2. Parakeratosis
45
Orthokeratosis vs parakeratosis: which has nuclei present vs absent
Orthokeratosis: nuclei absent Parakeratosis: nuclei present
46
What are some primary and secondary causes of orthokeratosis
Primary: seborrhea in cocker spaniels Secondary: ichthyosis, callus
47
What are some causes of Parakeratosis
Zinc responsive dermatitis, superficial necrolytic dermatitis
48
What is wrong
Orthokeratosis
49
What is wrong
Parakeratosis
50
What is hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells
51
Hyperplasia is typically secondary to ___
Chronic stimuli
52
What are the 4 types of hyperplasia
1. Regular 2. Irregular 3. Papillated 4, pseudocarcinomatous
53
What is dysplasia
Abnormal development, alteration in size, shape, and organization of mature cells
54
T or F: dysplasia precedes formation of non-invasive carcinomas
True
55
What metabolic disease is atrophy common in
Cushing/ hyperadrenocorticism
56
What is spongiosis
Fluid accumulation between cells
57
Spongiosis is secondary to __ or ___
Trauma or acute inflammation
58
What is hydropic or ballooning degeneration
Intracellular fluid causing cytoplasmic swelling of keratinocytes that can lead to rupture an formation of microvesicles
59
What are some causes of hydropic/ ballooning degneration
Immune mediated dz 1. Lupus erythematosus 2. Dermatomyositis 3. Lupoid onychodystrophy
60
What wrong
Spongiosis
61
What wrong
Hydropic degneration
62
What is acantholysis
Disruption of intercellular junction (desmosomes) between keratinocytes
63
What are some examples of dz that can cause acantholysis
1. Pemphigus vulgaris 2. Pemphigus foliaceus
64
What is a vesicle/bullae
Fluid filed intraepidermal or subdermal space
65
What causes vesicles/ bulllae to form
immune mediated, burns, viral etc that lead to lack of epidermal cell adhesion—> fluid accumulation
66
What wrong
Spongiosis
67
what wrong
Acantholysis and pemphigus follicaceous
68
What is hyperpigmentation/ what cause
Increased melanocytes or increased melanin production
69
What causes hyperpigmentation/ what is pathogenesis
Chronic inflammation—> increased melanin stimulating factor
70
What wrong
Hyperpigmentation, ex: lentigo in cats
71
What is the congenital or hereditary cause of hypopigmentation
Lack of melanocytes, failure to make melanin, failure of melanin transfer
72
What are some examples of acquired hypopigmentation
1. Copper deficiency 2. Uveodermatologic syndrome 3. Pigmentary incontinence
73
What is pigmentary incontienence
Inflammation vs immune mediated causes melanin to move from the basal epidermal layer to the dermis
74
What is the result of atrophy in the dermis
Decreased collagen fibers, fibroblasts, adnexa, decreased thickness and elasticity
75
What are some examples of dz that can cause atrophy in dermis
1 Cushing 2. Skin fragility syndrome in felines
76
What occurs during fibrosis in dermis
Proliferation of fibroblasts and newly formed collagen fibrils
77
T or F: collagen dysplasia is inherited
True
78
What is the result of collagen dysplasia
Decreased tensile strength—>increased stretch of skin
79
What is an example of a disease that cause collagen dysplasia
Ehlers danlos
80
What wrong
ehlers danlos- collagen dysplasia
81
What is the correct orientation of granulation tissue
Vertically oriented capillaries and horizontally oriented fibroblasts and a few collagen fibers providing a “lattice work”
82
What type of tissue is this based on orientation
granulation tissue
83
What wrong and what disease is commonly associated
Calcinosis cutis Dz: Cushing
84
What occurs during acute dermatitis
Hyperemia, edema, exocytosis of leukocytes, release of inflammatory mediators
85
What are the 4 results of acute dermatitis
1. Resolution 2. Abscess 3. Scar 4. Progression
86
What cells are present in chronic dermatitis
Macrophages, lymphocytes, and p,as a cells
87
What type of hypertrophy is commonly associated with acral lick dermatitis
Follicular hypertrophy
88
What is follicular dysplasia
Failure of hair growth due to abnormal development of follicle and/or hair shaft
89
T or F: follicular dysplasia is inherited
True
90
What is folliculitis
inflammation of hair follicle
91
What is perifolliculitis
Inflammation around hair follicle
92
What is mural folliculitis
Inflammation in the wall of the hair follicle
93
What is luminal folliculitis
Inflammation in the lumen of the hair follicle
94
What is furunculosis
Inflammation weakens the follicular wall and results in rupture and release of contents into dermis
95
What are some causes of furnuculosis
Dermatophytes, mites, bacteria
96
What’s going on here
Left: alopecia and hyperpigmentation Left middle: mite on follicular lumen—> mural folliculitis Right middle: mural folliculitis, vacuolar degeneration Right: follicular wall disrupted- furnuclosis
97
What is hidradentitis
Inflammation of apocrine gland
98
What is sebaceous adentitis
Inflammation of sebaceous gland
99
What type of disease is sebaceous adentitis
Immune mediated
100
What does histo of acute sebaceous adenitis look like
Lymphocytes and macrophages around ducts
101
What does chronic sebaceous adenitis look like
Loss of sebaceous glands, scarring, follicular hyperkeratosis
102
What breeds have a genetic predisposition to sebaceous adenitis
Poodles and Akitas
103
What is the diagnostic test for sebaceous adenitis
Skin biopsies
104
What wrong
sebaceous adenitis
105
What is panniculitis
Inflammation of adipose tissue/subcutis
106
What is the main target of primary panniculitis
Adipose tissue
107
What is an example of primary panniculitis and its pathogenesis
Feline pancreatitis—> decrease vitamin E in diet—> oxidation of fat—> pyogranulomatous inflammation
108
What is secondary panniculitis
Subcutis is affected by inflammation of dermis that extends into subcutis
109
What are some causes of secondary panniculitis
1. Deep bacterial folliculitis with furunculosis 2. Penetrating wound 3. FB

Pathology II (26 decks)

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