Lecture 23: Exotics I Flashcards
what is pathogenesis of hypovitaminosis A
- Diet deficient in Vitamin A or not absorbing in intestine
- Loss of mucosal integrity and epithelial health
- Unhealthy epithelium and epithelial squamous metaplasia
- Keratinizing epithelium accumulates and obstructs ducts
- Associated glands/ducts enlarge/nodules
- Secondary bacterial and fungal infections
what likely caused these signs
Hypovitaminosis A
from crop of bird- what indicated by asterisks and #. What wrong/cause
asterisks: normal mucus cells
#: squamous metaplasia- squamous epithelium and keratinization
Cause: hypovitaminosis A
what likely caused these
hypovitaminosis A
What is end product of waste for mammals, adult amphibians and marine species
urea
what is end product of waste for birds, reptiles, terrestrial snails
uric acid
what is waste end product for fish, invertebrates, aquatic species
ammonia
what is histo appearance of gout
urates and herterophilic- granulomatous inflammation with giant cells and tissue necrosis
what is pathogenesis for gout
- Dehydration, renal disease, excessive protein consumption/ catabolism or idiopathic
- Decreased urate excretion
- Hyperuricemia
- Deposition of rates in synovium, periarticular, visceral serosa
- Heterophilic granulomatous inflammation
what wrong
gout
What wrong
gout
suspected gout, do histo what does this show
Birefringent crystals
myobacteriosis results in __ inflammation anywhere
granulomatous
what mycobacterium are part of M. Tuberculosis complex
M. Tuberculosis and M. Bo is
what mycobacteriums are part of M. Avium complex
- M. Avium subspecies avium paratuberculosis
- M. Intracellulare
- M. Genavense
what mycobacterium’s are part of ungrouped pathogens
- M. Marinum
- M. Leprae
- M. Lepromatosis
what are the key players in avian mycobacteriosis
- M. Avium
- M. Intracellulare
- M. Genavense
- M. Tuberculosis
- M. Bo is
what birds are more susceptible to avian mycobacteriosis
- Anseriformes
- Gruiformes
- Galliformes
what are portals of entry for avian mycobacteriosis
Ingestion> aerosols, skin infections
answer kahoot
chronic
what likely cause. Identify type of inflammation in 1 and portal of entry in 2
- Granulomatous inflammation of intestine
- POE: ingestion- most commonly see intestinal pathology
identify what happening in 1 and portal of entry
- Granulomas in skin
POE: skin infection with dissemination to liver
what causes scurvy
hypovitaminosis C
Why do guinea pigs get scurvy
lack enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase, which is necessary for vitamin C synthesis
what is pathogenesis of scurvy: hypovitaminosis C
- Species lack L- gulonolactone oxidase and diet deficient in vitamin C
- Decrease lysine and proline hydroxylation
- Decreased cross-linking of fibrillary collagen and impaired synthesis of perivascular collagen
- Weak vessel walls and physeal cartilage deformity
- Periarticular hemorrhage and osteochondrodysplasia and cephalohematoma in primates
what likely caused these lesions
scurvy: hypovitaminosis C
what is cause of tyzzers disease
clostridium piliforme
what organs does tyzzers affect
liver, intestine, heart
gerbil presents with encephalitis what is likely bacterial cause
clostridium piliforme- tyzzers
what are some signs of canine distemper virus
mucopurulent conjunctivitis. Rhinitis, pneumonia, dermatitis, foot pad/nasal planum hyperkeratosis, enteritis, encephalitis
what does histo of canine distemper virus look like
intranuclear and intracytoplasmic viral inclusions in respiratory epithelium and urinary transitional epithelium
what is prognosis for canine distemper virus
grave, highly fatal
what is transmission for canine distemper virus
aerosols, direct contact
You need to use caution with canine distemper vaccines in exotics- which vaccine should you use vs nerve use
use chick embryo or recombinant origin
Never use vaccines of mink or ferret culture
what likely cause of these signs
canine distemper virus
epizootic catarrhal enteritis is also known as
green slime disease
what are some signs of epizootic catarrhal enteritis
profuse, mucoid, green diarrhea
how Is epizootic catarrhal enteritis transmitted
direct contact, fecal-oral
what is morbidity and mortality associated with epizootic catarrhal enteritis
high morbidity, low mortality
ferret diarrhea, what wrong
epizootic catarrhal enteritis
what are some signs of gastritis caused by Helicobacter mustelae
bruxism, ptyalin, diarrhea, hematemesis, melana, wasting, ulcerative gastritis
Helicobacter mustelae is a __shaped bacterium on gastric mucosa
spirochete spiral shaped
what ferrets are most likely to be clinical from Helicobacter mustelae
ferrets <2yrs or geriatric under stress
Helicobacter mustelae may predispose ferrets to __
cancer- gastric adenocarcinoma or GALT lymphoma
what are some signs of urolithiasis
stranguria, polyuria, Hematuria, vocalization
what can cause uroliths
- Inadequate diets that alkalinize urine
- Crystalluria and uroliths
what uroliths are most common in ferrets
struvite- magnesium ammonium phosphate
what are some sequela to urolithiasis
urinary bladder rupture, metabolic disturbances, renal damage
what wrong
Urolithiasis
describe the flow chart of determining cause of hyperestrogenism in ferrets
- Signs of hyperestrogenism
2a. Female
- intact—> normal estrus, prolonged estrus or adrenal neoplasia/hyperplasia
Spayed—adrenal neoplasia/hyperplasia
2b. Male— adrenal neoplasia/hyperplasia
What caused these signs
hyperestrogenism
Alopecia, enlarged vulva
what are some signs of hyperestrogenism in ferrets
females: swollen vulva, alopecia
Males and females: flank alopecia, ventral abdomen petechia and Melena
Males: stranguria, alopecia, feminization
what are some signs of hyperestrogenism in intact female ferrets (Jill’s)
swollen fleshy vulva, discharge, alopecia, lethargy, in appearance, weak
what is pathogenesis for hyperestrogenism in intact female ferrets
- Jills are normally polyestrous, induced ovulators
- If not bred remain in estrus
- Estrogen induced bone marrow hypoplasia (toxicity)
- Pale MM and subcutaneous/mucosal hemorrhage
what are some clinical pathology findings for hyperestrogenism in intact female ferrets
bone marrow injury— thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, non-regenerative anemia
what are some ddx for hyperestrogenism in intact female ferrets
- Adrenal gland disease
- Normal estrus
what are some signs of adrenal gland neoplasia
bilateral symmetric flank/tail alopecia, muscle atrophy, feminization of males, vulvar enlargement in females
what is pathogenesis for adrenal gland neoplasia in ferrets
- Early age of spaying/neutering
- Functional tumor or hyperplasia of adrenal gland cortex (ZR)
- Hyper secretion of sex steroids
- Physiological effects: bone marrow toxicity, males see stranguria
What causes stranguria in males with adrenal gland neoplasia
prostatomegaly related to cystic hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia causing urinary obstruction- stranguria
what is potential cause of this bilateral symmetric alopecia in ferret
adrenal gland neoplasia
