Lecture 1: Endocrine Flashcards
What are endocrine glands
Specialized secretory epithelial cells arranged in cords, packets, or follicles (thyroid) supported by fine fibrovascular stroma
What is the function of endocrine glands
Synthesis, store and secrete products into bloodstream—> produce signals with distant physiological effects
What does endocrine mean
Cell secretes a product that acts on distant cells (systemic effects)
What is autocrine
Cells secrete a product that acts on itself
What is paracrine
Cells secrete a product that acts on a neighbor cell
What is primary hypofunction
Endocrine organ not making hormone because of direct damage
What are some examples of primary hypofunction
- Organ destroyed (ex: abscess)
- Organ not developed (aplasia)
- Organ defect (goiter)
What is secondary hypofunction
Endocrine organ not making hormone because lack of stimulation by hormones from another endocrine organ
What is the mechanism of endocrine disease on adrenal gland: pituitary gland is destroyed and now the adrenal gland is not stimulated
Secondary hypofunction
What is primary hyperfunction
Endocrine organ is making too much hormone because of functional tumor/ hyperplasia
What are some examples of primary hyperfunction
- Functional cortical adenoma of adrenal gland
- Functional thyroid gland adenoma
What is a secondary hyperfunction
Endocrine organ making too much hormone because overstimulated by hormones
What are the mechanisms of endocrine disease: pituitary gland dependent Cushing overstimulating the adrenal gland by tumor in pituitary
Pituitary: primary hyperfunction
Adrenal: secondary hyperfunction
What is hyper secretion of hormones or hormone like factors by nonendocrine neoplasms
Non- endocrine organs make substances that are new hormones or are hormones that resemble existing hormones produced by normal endocrine organs
What is the mechanism of endocrine disease: humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy due to PTHrP. PTHp is produced by tumor cells and resembles normal PTH and will function similarly (increase Ca2+)
Hyper secretion of hormones or hormone like factors by non-endocrine neoplasms
What is the mechanism of endocrine disease: secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal disease or nutritional imbalance
Endocrine hyperactivity due to disease of other organs
Is a functional endocrine neoplasm more likely to be benign or malignant
Benign
Hyperplasia/adenoma or carcinoma: regional invasion and destruction, metastasis
Carcinoma
What type of tissue is this? Identify green, blue and yellow outlined areas
tissue: pituitary gland
Green: pars distalis
Blue: pars intermedia
Yellow: pars nervosa
What do somatotrophs make
Growth hormone
What do lactotrophs make
Prolactin
What do corticotrophs make
ACTH
What do thyrotrophs make
TSH
What do gonadotrophs make
FSH and LH