Lecture 10: GI II- esopagus, forestomachs and stomach Flashcards
esophagus is a muscular tube lined by __
stratified squamous epithelium
what species have skeletal and smooth muscle in esophagus
cats and horses
which species just have skeletal muscle in esophagus
dogs and cows
what is this
megaesophagus- abnormal esophageal dilation
what are some signs and sequela to megaesophagus
signs: regurgitation, dehydration, emaciation
Sequela: aspiration pneumonia
what pattern of pneumonia would you expect with aspiration pneumonia from megaesophagus
cranioventral distribution
What wrong and what cause
megaesophagus due to vascular ring anomaly- persistent right aortic arch
what is the most common cause of acquired megaesophagus
idiopathic
Dog esophagus- what worm likely cause this and what type of inflammation does it result in
Spirocerca lupi
Granulomatous inflammation to fibrosis
Bovine esophagus and rumen- what wrong and what cause
papillomas
Cause: bovine papilloma virus 4
what is the pathogenesis of stuck food bolus/FB
pressure necrosis—> perforation or stricture
what wrong and what cause
Ulcerative esophagitis—> perforation or stricture
Causes: BVDV or FB
what wrong
esophageal stricture
what is the ruminant forestomach lined by
stratified squamous epithelium
rumen pH should be between __-__
5.5-75
rumenitis is often secondary to ___
ruminal acidosis
what is the pathogenesis of ruminal acidosis
High grain diet—> excess carbs—> increase lactic acid—> decrease pH—> ruminal atony and increase ruminal osmotic pressure—> fluid in rumen—> hypovolemia—> circulatory shock
cow rumen- what wrong, what cause
Bacterial rumenitis- secondary to ruminal acidosis
Common causes: T. Pyogenes and F. Necrophorum
cow stomachs- what wrong and what cause
Mycotic rumenitis due to ruminal acidosis- characteristic infarct regions
Common causes: aspergillus and zygomycetes
from cow- what wrong and what likely cause
Fibrinous epicarditis/pericarditis
Fibrinous peritonitis
Due to hardware disease
what are the primary and secondary causes of ruminal bloat
- Primary- froathy bloat when cow is fed legumes, grain, alfalfa, clover
- Secondary- physical or functional obstruction
what is the pathogenesis of bloat
decreased eructation—> gas build up—> ruminal distension—>compression of diaphragm and increased intrabdominal and intraperitoneal pressure—> decreased venous return to the heart
from cow- who presented with extreme abdominal distension- what likely wrong and what is red arrow pointing to
ruminal bloat
Red arrow- bloat line- demarcation due to decreased venous return
Parietal cells secrete __
hydrochloric acid
Enteroendocrine cells secrete __
hormones
chief cells produce __
pepsin
Pig stomach- what is arrow pointing at
Torus pyloricus- normal
horse stomach- what arrows pointing at
Margo plicatus
what are the two most common causes of abomasitis in calves
C. Perfringes and C. Septicum
abomasum of calf- what is likely cause and what wrong
abomastitis- increase gas bubbles and dark red
Cause: C. Perfringens or C. Septicum
what are the gross lesions for chronic gastritis
thickened rugae
what are the microscopic lesions of chronic gastritis
lymphoplasmacytic gastritis
what is the cause of uremic gastritis
uremia
what are the gross findings of uremia gastritis
edema, congestion, thickened rugae
what are microscopic findings of uremic gastritis
calcification of glands, vessels, mucosa, mineralization of vessels +/- thrombus, necrosis
what likely cause and pathogenesis
cause: hemonchus contortus
Pathogenesis: blood loss—> anemia and hypoproteinemia—> decreased oncotic pressure—> pale MM and SQ edema (bottle jaw)
where does hemonchus contortus live in ruminants
abomasum
what is likely cause of this cobblestone appearance on abomasum
ostertagia ostertagi
what are the microscopic lesions associated with ostetagia ostertagi
proliferation of mucus cells (aka goblet cell hyperplasia)
from hose- what cause this and what is name of mass
Cause: draschia megastoma
Mass: brood pouch
what is a specific cause of gastric ulceration in pigs
Rapidly growing pigs on high grain diet—> ulceration—> massive hemorrhage
what are some causes of gastric ulceration in cows
mycotic, acidosis/bloat
what are some causes of gastric ulceration in dogs
NSAIDS, paraneoplastic syndromes, uremia
what two paraneoplastic syndromes cause gastric ulcers in dogs
- Gastrinoma- secrete gastrin
- MCT- secrete histamine
Both increase gastric acid secretion
what causes gastric ulcers in horses
NSAIDS, stress
what is the most common place for gastric ulcer in dogs
gastroduodenal
from cow- based on the appearance of this ulcer- what is most likely cause
mycotic (aspergillus, zygomycetes), due to infarct appearance
GDV occurs in who
deep chested dogs
what happens in GDV
fundus twists, greater curvature displaced ventrally, and duodenum is moved dorsal and causally
what is pathogenesis of GDV and death
Enlarged stomach—> decreased blood flow back to heart—> pulmonary and cardiac depression—> shock, myocardial dysfunction
Abomasal displacements are most common in what cows
following patrurition
a volvulus can in ruminants can lead to __ due to chloride sequestration
metabolic alkalosis
Adenocarcinomas of stomach are common in what species
dogs
SCC of stomach are common in what species
horses
lymphoma of stomach is common in what species
cows, cats, dogs
leiomyoma/sarcoma of stomach common in what species
dogs
dog stomach- what dx
Adenocarcinoma
horse stomach what dx
SCC
one from cow one from cat- what dx for both and what cause
lymphoma
Cow cause: BLV
Cat: GI spontaneous
dog stomach- what dx
Leiomyoma- can’t actually distinguish from leiomyosarcoma and GIST without IHC
