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Pathology II > Lecture 16: Bone Pathology > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Bone Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is diaphonization

A

double staining technique, stain bone alizarian red and cartilage alcian blue

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2
Q

what technique was used here

A

diaphonization- bone red, cartilage blue

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3
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

initiate mineralization, form bone matrix and also assist osteocytes with Ca2+ homeostasis

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4
Q

what are osteocytes

A

formed when osteoblasts have been surrounded by mineralized osteoid, occupying small clear spaces called lacunae

Maintain bone Tissue

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5
Q

what is the most abundant cell in the bone

A

osteocytes

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6
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption

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7
Q

identify blue, black and pink arrows

A

Pink: bone matrix
Blue: osteocytes
Black: osteoclasts

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8
Q

identify 1-3 and what stain used

A
  1. Mineralized bone
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Hematopoietic marrow

Stain: von kossa

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9
Q

what are the structural and functional units of cortical bone

A

osteons

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10
Q

what are osteons

A

cylinders of concentric layers of lamellae parallel to longitudinal axis of bone that contain vessels and nerves

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11
Q

what connects osteons

A

volkmann canal

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12
Q

what is intramembranous ossification and what bones

A

flat bones of the skull mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts that produce bone directly, in absence of preformed cartilage model

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13
Q

what is endochondral ossification and what bones formed

A

forms most bones
Cartilage is invaded by capillary vessels and undergoes minaerlization and forms primary (diaphyseal) and secondary (epiphyseal) ossification centers

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14
Q

describe the development of lone bone and vascularization

A

nutrient artery enters mineralized cartilaginous tissue in the diaphysis bringing osteoclasts and osteogenic precursors enabling endochondrial ossification in primary ossification centers

Epiphyseal arteries bring in osteoclasts and osteogenic cells to the secondary ossification centers located at end of growing long bones

Enastomoases occurs as bones continue to develop and subarticular growth cartilage is replaced by bone and growth plates close

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15
Q

bone grows in length by __

A

interstitial growth within metaphyseal growht plates (phases)

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16
Q

what are the 4 zones of physes

A
  1. Reserve or resting zone
  2. Proliferative zone
  3. Hypertrophic zone
  4. Calcifying zone
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17
Q

what occurs in reserve or resting zone

A

source of cells for proliferative zone

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18
Q

what occurs in proliferative zone

A

cells multiple, accumulate glycogen and produce matrix and become arranged in longitudinal columns

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19
Q

what is hypertrophic zone

A

chondrocytes secrete macromolecules to allow capillary invasion and initiate matrix calcification

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20
Q

what is calcifying zone

A

chondrocytes either undergo apoptosis or transform to osteoblasts initiate mineralization process

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21
Q

identify physes zones 1-4

A
  1. Reserve or resting
  2. Proliferative zone
  3. Hypertrophic zone
  4. Calcifying zone
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22
Q

which photo represents and adult vs puppy

A

Left- puppy- growth plates opened
Right- adult- growth plates closed

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23
Q

what is metaphysis ossification

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts replace with mineralized bone tissue

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24
Q

identify arrows 1-2

A
  1. Primary spongiosa
  2. Secondary spongiosa
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25
Q

how does growth of epiphysis occur

A

endochondral ossification at articualr epiphyseal cartilage complexes

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26
Q

bone grows in width by __

A

intramembranous bone formation

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27
Q

the surface of bones are covered by __ which contain __ and __

A

peristeum, inner osteogenic layer and outer fibrous layer

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28
Q

what is function of inner osteogenic layer of periosteum

A

forms normal lamellar appositional bone on cortex of growing bones and also forms abnormal woven bone in response to injury

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29
Q

what is function of fibrous layer of peristeum

A

structural support

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30
Q

identify layers of periosteum

A
  1. Outer fibrous layer
  2. Inner osteogenic layer
31
Q

normal joint- identify 1-3

A
  1. Joint space
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Growth plate
32
Q

what are type A synoviocytes

A

CDa1-, CD11b+, CD18+ histiocytes, antigen presenting/phagocytic

33
Q

what are type B synoviocytes

A

fibroblasts that can produce synovial fluid

34
Q

what are perivascular interstitial dendritic cells in joint

A

CD1a+, CD11c+, CD18+ histiocytes

35
Q

what wrong and what cause

A

Growth plate arrest lines due to nutritional deficiencies

36
Q

what wrong

A

Growth plate arrest lines

37
Q

what wrong and what potential cause in dogs and cows

A

growth retardation lattice due to acquired impariemnt of osteoclastic resorption
Cows: BVDV
Dogs: canine distemper virus

38
Q

what causes growth retardation lattice to occur

A

acquired impairment of osteoclastic respiration of bone, resulting in retention in lattice

39
Q

cow tibias- which normal vs abnormal. What wrong and what cause

A

Left: normal
Right: growth retardation lattices due to BVDV

40
Q

what wrong and what potential cause. What associated lesions would you see in bone

A

Left: footpad hyperkeratosis
Right: enamel hypoplasia
Cause: canine distemper virus
Bone lesions: growth retardation lattice

41
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

characterized by increased bone density due to failure of osteoclast resorption caused by mutation or impairment of osteoclasts

42
Q

most fetuses with osteoporosis are __

A

stillborn

43
Q

Animals who survive osteoporosis are more prone to __

A

fractures

44
Q

what gene in red angus cattle is associated with osteoporosis

A

Deletion mutation of SLC4A2

45
Q

what are some signs of osteoporosis

A

anemia, brainstem compression, brachygnathia inferior, impacted teeth

46
Q

red angus: what wrong and what could have caused these

A

left: brachygnathia inferior
Right: impacted teeth
Cause: osteoporosis- defect in osteoclast resorption. gene point deletion: SLC4A2

47
Q

what infectious agents can cause osteoporosis

A

BVDV, canine distemper virus, FeLV

48
Q

what wrong

A

Osteoporosis- increase bone density, but thin cortices
Histo: pale blue- retained cartilaginous cores, osteoclasts increased in number but ineffective resorbing retained bone

49
Q

what is Wolff’s law

A

ability of bone to change shape or size to accommodate altered mechanical use

50
Q

tension causes bone __

A

resorption

51
Q

compression causes bone __

A

formation

52
Q

normal mechanical use leads to suppression of __activity= __

A

resorptive activity- maintenance of bone mass

53
Q

decrease mechanical use results in

A

bone resorption, less mass

54
Q

increased mechanical use results in

A

increase bone mass

55
Q

which normal vs abnormal and what could’ve caused

A

Left: normal
Right: osteopenia due to decreased mechanical use

56
Q

what wrong and what cause

A

osteoscleorosis of vertebrae due to increased mechanical use

Notice circled vertebrae disc is moved ventrally due to increase bone

57
Q

what is woven bone

A

newly formed, hypercellular bone deposited in reaction to injury or normally present in immature individuals

58
Q

identify what type of bone indicated by 1-2

A
  1. Lamellar bone
  2. Woven bone
59
Q

what is a common response to injury periosteum

A

osteophytes- fibrocartilage capped bony outgrowths

60
Q

why do osteophytes occur

A

response to joint injury/instability

61
Q

what wrong and what cause

A

Osteophytes formation- joint injury/instability

62
Q

t or f: hyaline cartilage has great regenerative capacity due to good blood supply

A

false- limited response to injury due to no blood supply

63
Q

what is sterile injury caused by

A

trauma, joint instability or lubrication failure

64
Q

what are matrix metalloproteinases in joints- what is normal vs abnormal form

A

enzymes capable of digesting joint matrix
Normally in inactive X form, but enzymes activated by products of degenerating or reactive chondrocytes and inflammatory cells

65
Q

what is the result of loss of proteoglycans from cartilage

A

alters hydraulic permeability= abnormal joint lubrication—> increase susceptibility to mechanical induced injury to cartilage

66
Q

joints with loss of proteoglycans grossly appear __

A

yellow/tan, dull, roughened

67
Q

what is fibrillation

A

condensed and fray collagen fibers due to loss of proteoglycans

68
Q

what is eburnation

A

smooth and shiny surface of subchondral bone after cartilage ulceration

69
Q

Joint surface- what wrong

A

fibrillation and eburnation

70
Q

humeral head- what wrong

A

eburnation

71
Q

what are the 3 ways synovium responds to injury

A
  1. Villus hypertrophy and hyperplasia
  2. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of synoviocytes
  3. Pannus formation
72
Q

what is pannus

A

fibrovascular and histiocytic tissue (granulation tissue) that arises from synovial membrane and spreads as a membrane over articular cartilage. Histiocytes and collagenases from fibroblasts cause lysis and degeneration of underlying cartilage and eventually lead to ankylosis (joint fusion)

73
Q

what is the pathogenesis of fibrous ankylosis

A

synovitis—> pannus formation—> obliteration of articular space—> ankylosis (fusion)

74
Q

what wrong

A

P3 and P2 ankylosis (fusion)- purple between P2 and P3 bone formation.

Pathology II (19 decks)

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