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Pathology II > Lecture 16: Bone Pathology > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Bone Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is diaphonization

A

double staining technique, stain bone alizarian red and cartilage alcian blue

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2
Q

what technique was used here

A

diaphonization- bone red, cartilage blue

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3
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

initiate mineralization, form bone matrix and also assist osteocytes with Ca2+ homeostasis

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4
Q

what are osteocytes

A

formed when osteoblasts have been surrounded by mineralized osteoid, occupying small clear spaces called lacunae

Maintain bone Tissue

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5
Q

what is the most abundant cell in the bone

A

osteocytes

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6
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption

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7
Q

identify blue, black and pink arrows

A

Pink: bone matrix
Blue: osteocytes
Black: osteoclasts

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8
Q

identify 1-3 and what stain used

A
  1. Mineralized bone
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Hematopoietic marrow

Stain: von kossa

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9
Q

what are the structural and functional units of cortical bone

A

osteons

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10
Q

what are osteons

A

cylinders of concentric layers of lamellae parallel to longitudinal axis of bone that contain vessels and nerves

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11
Q

what connects osteons

A

volkmann canal

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12
Q

what is intramembranous ossification and what bones

A

flat bones of the skull mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts that produce bone directly, in absence of preformed cartilage model

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13
Q

what is endochondral ossification and what bones formed

A

forms most bones
Cartilage is invaded by capillary vessels and undergoes minaerlization and forms primary (diaphyseal) and secondary (epiphyseal) ossification centers

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14
Q

describe the development of lone bone and vascularization

A

nutrient artery enters mineralized cartilaginous tissue in the diaphysis bringing osteoclasts and osteogenic precursors enabling endochondrial ossification in primary ossification centers

Epiphyseal arteries bring in osteoclasts and osteogenic cells to the secondary ossification centers located at end of growing long bones

Enastomoases occurs as bones continue to develop and subarticular growth cartilage is replaced by bone and growth plates close

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15
Q

bone grows in length by __

A

interstitial growth within metaphyseal growht plates (phases)

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16
Q

what are the 4 zones of physes

A
  1. Reserve or resting zone
  2. Proliferative zone
  3. Hypertrophic zone
  4. Calcifying zone
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17
Q

what occurs in reserve or resting zone

A

source of cells for proliferative zone

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18
Q

what occurs in proliferative zone

A

cells multiple, accumulate glycogen and produce matrix and become arranged in longitudinal columns

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19
Q

what is hypertrophic zone

A

chondrocytes secrete macromolecules to allow capillary invasion and initiate matrix calcification

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20
Q

what is calcifying zone

A

chondrocytes either undergo apoptosis or transform to osteoblasts initiate mineralization process

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21
Q

identify physes zones 1-4

A
  1. Reserve or resting
  2. Proliferative zone
  3. Hypertrophic zone
  4. Calcifying zone
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22
Q

which photo represents and adult vs puppy

A

Left- puppy- growth plates opened
Right- adult- growth plates closed

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23
Q

what is metaphysis ossification

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts replace with mineralized bone tissue

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24
Q

identify arrows 1-2

A
  1. Primary spongiosa
  2. Secondary spongiosa
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25
how does growth of epiphysis occur
endochondral ossification at articualr epiphyseal cartilage complexes
26
bone grows in width by __
intramembranous bone formation
27
the surface of bones are covered by __ which contain __ and __
peristeum, inner osteogenic layer and outer fibrous layer
28
what is function of inner osteogenic layer of periosteum
forms normal lamellar appositional bone on cortex of growing bones and also forms abnormal woven bone in response to injury
29
what is function of fibrous layer of peristeum
structural support
30
identify layers of periosteum
1. Outer fibrous layer 2. Inner osteogenic layer
31
normal joint- identify 1-3
1. Joint space 2. Articular cartilage 3. Growth plate
32
what are type A synoviocytes
CDa1-, CD11b+, CD18+ histiocytes, antigen presenting/phagocytic
33
what are type B synoviocytes
fibroblasts that can produce synovial fluid
34
what are perivascular interstitial dendritic cells in joint
CD1a+, CD11c+, CD18+ histiocytes
35
what wrong and what cause
Growth plate arrest lines due to nutritional deficiencies
36
what wrong
Growth plate arrest lines
37
what wrong and what potential cause in dogs and cows
growth retardation lattice due to acquired impariemnt of osteoclastic resorption Cows: BVDV Dogs: canine distemper virus
38
what causes growth retardation lattice to occur
acquired impairment of osteoclastic respiration of bone, resulting in retention in lattice
39
cow tibias- which normal vs abnormal. What wrong and what cause
Left: normal Right: growth retardation lattices due to BVDV
40
what wrong and what potential cause. What associated lesions would you see in bone
Left: footpad hyperkeratosis Right: enamel hypoplasia Cause: canine distemper virus Bone lesions: growth retardation lattice
41
what is osteopetrosis
characterized by increased bone density due to failure of osteoclast resorption caused by mutation or impairment of osteoclasts
42
most fetuses with osteoporosis are __
stillborn
43
Animals who survive osteoporosis are more prone to __
fractures
44
what gene in red angus cattle is associated with osteoporosis
Deletion mutation of SLC4A2
45
what are some signs of osteoporosis
anemia, brainstem compression, brachygnathia inferior, impacted teeth
46
red angus: what wrong and what could have caused these
left: brachygnathia inferior Right: impacted teeth Cause: osteoporosis- defect in osteoclast resorption. gene point deletion: SLC4A2
47
what infectious agents can cause osteoporosis
BVDV, canine distemper virus, FeLV
48
what wrong
Osteoporosis- increase bone density, but thin cortices Histo: pale blue- retained cartilaginous cores, osteoclasts increased in number but ineffective resorbing retained bone
49
what is Wolff’s law
ability of bone to change shape or size to accommodate altered mechanical use
50
tension causes bone __
resorption
51
compression causes bone __
formation
52
normal mechanical use leads to suppression of __activity= __
resorptive activity- maintenance of bone mass
53
decrease mechanical use results in
bone resorption, less mass
54
increased mechanical use results in
increase bone mass
55
which normal vs abnormal and what could’ve caused
Left: normal Right: osteopenia due to decreased mechanical use
56
what wrong and what cause
osteoscleorosis of vertebrae due to increased mechanical use Notice circled vertebrae disc is moved ventrally due to increase bone
57
what is woven bone
newly formed, hypercellular bone deposited in reaction to injury or normally present in immature individuals
58
identify what type of bone indicated by 1-2
1. Lamellar bone 2. Woven bone
59
what is a common response to injury periosteum
osteophytes- fibrocartilage capped bony outgrowths
60
why do osteophytes occur
response to joint injury/instability
61
what wrong and what cause
Osteophytes formation- joint injury/instability
62
t or f: hyaline cartilage has great regenerative capacity due to good blood supply
false- limited response to injury due to no blood supply
63
what is sterile injury caused by
trauma, joint instability or lubrication failure
64
what are matrix metalloproteinases in joints- what is normal vs abnormal form
enzymes capable of digesting joint matrix Normally in inactive X form, but enzymes activated by products of degenerating or reactive chondrocytes and inflammatory cells
65
what is the result of loss of proteoglycans from cartilage
alters hydraulic permeability= abnormal joint lubrication—> increase susceptibility to mechanical induced injury to cartilage
66
joints with loss of proteoglycans grossly appear __
yellow/tan, dull, roughened
67
what is fibrillation
condensed and fray collagen fibers due to loss of proteoglycans
68
what is eburnation
smooth and shiny surface of subchondral bone after cartilage ulceration
69
Joint surface- what wrong
fibrillation and eburnation
70
humeral head- what wrong
eburnation
71
what are the 3 ways synovium responds to injury
1. Villus hypertrophy and hyperplasia 2. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of synoviocytes 3. Pannus formation
72
what is pannus
fibrovascular and histiocytic tissue (granulation tissue) that arises from synovial membrane and spreads as a membrane over articular cartilage. Histiocytes and collagenases from fibroblasts cause lysis and degeneration of underlying cartilage and eventually lead to ankylosis (joint fusion)
73
what is the pathogenesis of fibrous ankylosis
synovitis—> pannus formation—> obliteration of articular space—> ankylosis (fusion)
74
what wrong
P3 and P2 ankylosis (fusion)- purple between P2 and P3 bone formation.

Pathology II (26 decks)

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