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Pathology II > Lecture 17: Bone Pathology II > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Bone Pathology II Flashcards

1
Q

What wrong and what cause

A

congenital cortical hyperosteosis (diaphyseal dysplasia)
Cause: autosomal recessive hereditary disease of newborn pigs

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2
Q

what are the signs of congenital cortical hyperosteosis

A

thickening of 1 or both forelimbs

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3
Q

Congenital cortical hyperostosis involved abnormal __ formation involving major lone bones. __ and __ bones most severely affected

A

periosteal bone formation, radius and ulna

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4
Q

piglets with congenital cortical hyperostosis are either __ or __ within first few days of life

A

stillborn, die

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5
Q

what are chondrodysplasias

A

primary lesions in the growth cartilage on physis and articular epiphyseal cartilage complex

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6
Q

what is disproportionate dwarfism and what is cause

A

chondrodysplasia that results in short legs with normal sized heads

Cause: mutation in fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) that cause inappropriate activate of one or more FGFR (3) causing downregulation of chondrocytes proliferation

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7
Q

what is primordial dwarfism

A

limb length is proportional to head, caused by endocrine disorder- pituitary dwarfism or malnutrition

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8
Q

FGFR3 receptor is expressed by __ and __, not __ and acts as a __ chondrocyte proliferation

A

resting and proliferating chondrocytes, not hypertrophic chondrocytes, acts as inhibitor of chondrocyte proliferation and terminal differentiation

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9
Q

what is spider lamb syndrome and cause

A

chondrodyplasia in sheep
Point mutation in FGFR3, removing FGFR3 induced inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation

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10
Q

what breeds are affected by spider lamb syndrome

A

suffolks and Hampshire

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11
Q

what is pathogenesis of spider lamb syndrome

A

point mutation in FGFR3–> decreased FGFR3 inhibition of chondrocytes entering hypertrophic phase—> increased length of long bones and presence of multiple secondary ossification centers in epiphyses—> variation in shape, size and orientation of bones

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12
Q

what wrong and cause

A

spider lamb sheep syndrome
Notice multiple secondary ossification centers
Cause: point mutation in FGFR3

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13
Q

what are osteochondroses

A

lesions in growth cartilage of young animals, characterized by focal or multifocal failure or delay of endochondral ossification

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14
Q

what is osteochondrosis latent

A

well demarcated area of necrosis in epiphyseal cartilaged centered on necrotic blood vessels (only visible microscopically)

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15
Q

what is osteochondrosis manifest a

A

retained necrotic epiphyseal cartilage that is appreciated grossly

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16
Q

what is OCD

A

lesion at articular epiphyseal cartilage complex that forms a cleft in the necrotic cartilage with subsequent fracture of articular cartilage resulting in cartilaginous or osteochondral flap

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17
Q

identify the different osteochondroses seen in 1-3

A
  1. Osteochondrosis latent
  2. Osteochondrosis manifests
  3. Osteochondrosis dissects
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18
Q

what are joint mice

A

cartilage or osteochondral flaps that have fractured/detached from articular surface

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19
Q

how do bone cysts form

A

osteochondrosis—> necrosis—> cavitation—> subchondral cyst

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20
Q

what wrong

A

OCD with joint mice

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21
Q

what is rickets and osteomalacia and cause

A

failure of mineralization with subsequent bone deformities and fractures
Cause: vitamin D or phosphorus deficiency

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22
Q

what is pathogenesis of rickets and osteomalacia

A

vitamin D deficiency—> hypocalcemia—> stimulates PTH—> renal phosphorus loss enhanced further reducing deposition of calcium in bone—> causing bone pain, pathological fractures, and deformities such as scoliosis and kyphosis

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23
Q

what animals get rickets and what does it affect

A

growing animals, failure of endochondral ossification, affects bones and epiphyseal cartilage

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24
Q

who gets osteomalacia and what does it affect

A

adults, soft bone- affects bone only

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25
Q

how would you characterize this lesion, what wrong and what cause

A

Rachistic rosary- due to rickets- irregular growth plates due to failure of endochondral ossification

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26
Q

what could have caused this in 1yr old steer

A

Rickets- phosphorus or vitamin D deficiency- pale blue is cartilage extending into bone

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27
Q

what are some causes of fibrous osteodystrophy

A
  1. Primary parathyroid adenoma, hyperplasia, carcinoma
  2. Secondary hyperparathyroidism- renal or nutritional
  3. Pseudo hyperparathyroidism
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28
Q

Fibrous osteodystrophy is characterized by

A

widespread osteoclastic resorption of bone and replacement by primitive fibro-osseous tissue resulting in weakened bones

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29
Q

how does increased PTH, renal disease and nutritional deficiency of ca2+ lead to fibrous osteodystrophy/ pathogenesis

A

stimulation of osteogenic and osteoclast bone resorption—> decrease bone mineralization and replacement by fibro-osseus CT—> weakened bone structure

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30
Q

what could have caused this swelling of mandible and maxilla

A

fibrous osteodystrophy—> osteoclast activity—> resorption of bone and replaced by fibro-osseous tissue

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31
Q

what is osteitis

A

inflammation of bone

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32
Q

what is periostitis

A

inflammation of bone involving periosteum

33
Q

what is osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone with involvement of medullary cavity

34
Q

what hematogenous bacteria can cause inflammation of bone

A

T. Pyogenes, strep, staph, salmonella, E. Coli

35
Q

what fungi can cause inflammation of bone

A

C. Immitis and blastomyces dermatidis

36
Q

what viruses can cause inflammation of bone

A

swine fever, canine infectious hepatitis (adenoviruses), distemper virus, FeLV

37
Q

what wrong in these photos

A

Suppurative Osteomyelitis, physitis

38
Q

What wrong here

A

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (metaphyseal osteopathy)= double physis lines

39
Q

what is cause of hypertrophic osteodystrophy

A

idiopathic inflammatory disease- non-infectious

40
Q

Define exostosis

A

nodular benign bon growth projecting outward from surface of a bone

41
Q

what is enostosis

A

bony growth within medullary cavity, originating in cortical-endosteal surface

42
Q

what is an ethesophyte

A

calcification of a tendon or a ligament at its point of insertion

43
Q

what is hyperostosis

A

increased diameter of bone and implies uniform thickening on periosteal surface rather than modularity

44
Q

what wrong

A

cartilaginous exostosis (osteochondroma)

45
Q

what are cartilaginous exostosis (osteochondroma)

A

defect in skeletal development that results in eccentric masses located adjacent to epiphyses

46
Q

what wrong

A

Cartilaginous exostosis (osteochondroma)

47
Q

what wrong

A

hypertrophic osteopathy

48
Q

what is hypertrophic osteopathy and what is it associated with

A

bilateral periosteal new bone formation in diaphyseal region

Occurs secondary to primary lesion- intrathoracic neoplasia/inflammation

49
Q

what is one theory on how intrathoracic masses can cause hypertrophic osteopathy

A

impulses originating in the thoracic lesion travel via the vagus nerve to the brainstem—> initiate reflex vasodilation in the limbs—> hypertrophic osteopathy

50
Q

what wrong

A

chondrosarcoma

51
Q

what wrong

A

osteosarcoma

52
Q

what wrong

A

Secondary neoplasm of bone
Lung metastatic osteosarcoma

53
Q

what are the most common sites of bone metastatic neoplasia in dogs and what tumor is most common

A

rib shafts, vertebral bodies, humeral and femoral metaphysis

Most often carcinomas

54
Q

what is an infraction fracture

A

fracture without external deformation to cortex

55
Q

what is an avulsed fracture

A

caused by traction of a ligament at its insertion onto bone

56
Q

what is a green stick fracture

A

one cortex of bone is broken and other is bent

57
Q

what type of fracture is this

A

avulsed

58
Q

what type of fracture is this

A

green stick

59
Q

describe the process of fracture repair occurring in body

A
  1. Macrophages, platelets, proliferating osteogenic tissue at site of fracture produce growth factors that stimulate proliferation of repair tissue/woven bone
  2. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells penetrate and form granulation tissue
  3. Granulation tissue outcome of cartilage and bone metaplasia
  4. Primary callus (meshwork of woven bone) forms. Secondary callus forms when woven bone is replaced by lamellar bone
60
Q

when Blood supply is less than optimal in fracture healing __will form

A

hyaline cartilage

61
Q

when blood supply is anoxic during fracture healing __ will occur

A

necrosis

62
Q

instability in fracture healing leading to mechanical tension and compression can cause development of ___ if excessive movement happens

A

fibrous CT

63
Q

what happens if metallic implant too large for fracture repair

A

deprive bone from normal mechanical forces and causes disuse atrophy

64
Q

how can intramedullary devices affect fracture healing

A

damage blood supply

65
Q

what is arthrogryposis and what is pathogenesis

A

congenital contracture of joints

Damage to CNS (akabane virus and bluetongue), hereditary or fetal paralysis caused by maternal intoxication with anagyrine in lupine plants or coniine in poison hemlock

66
Q

what wrong

A

Arthrogyrposis

67
Q

what can lead to degeneration of intervertebral discs

A

loss of water and proteoglycans, hypocelluarlity, and increased collagen content

68
Q

degeneration of intervertebral disks and ensuing __ result in development of __ at margin of vertebral bodies or adjacent to disk

A

intervertebral instability, osteophytes

69
Q

what wrong

A

Intervertebral disc herniation

70
Q

What does erysipleothrix rhusiopathie septicemia cause and in who

A

pigs leads to synovial joint and intervertebral disk lesions

71
Q

what does T. Pyogenes cause and in who

A

suppurative arthritis in cattle and pigs

72
Q

what does haemophilus parasuis (glassers disease) cause and in who

A

polyarthritis in 8-16 week old piglets

73
Q

what does Borrelia burgdoferi cause and in who

A

Lyme disease, arthritis in dogs, cattle and horses

74
Q

what does mycoplasma hyorhinis cause and in who

A

fibrinous polyarthritis in weaned pigs

75
Q

what does mycoplasma hyosynoviae cause and in who

A

fibrinous polyarthritis in pigs > 3 months

76
Q

what does mycoplasma bovis cause and in who

A

fibrinous to pyogranulomatous arthritis in cattle

77
Q

what does caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus cause

A

chronic arthritis in goats

78
Q

what could have caused these joint changes in goat

A

caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus

79
Q

From pig- what wrong and what could’ve caused. Also had diamond skin lesions

A

Marked synovial hyperplasia and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates
Cause: E. Rhusiopathie

Pathology II (19 decks)

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