Lecture 5 (Ostelology and the Vertebrae)

Question 1

5 Functions of Bones

Answer 1

1. Support
2. Movement: muscle attach to bones, only reason they can contract
3. procection: vulnerable organs (brain, spinal cord, lungs, heart
4. Mineral reservoir: calcium and sulfure, can be pulled from bones when calcium is low and absorbed by the bones when it’s too high
5. Hemopoiesis:”blood” “to form something” Production of red, white, plateletes

Question 2

7 Classifications of bones

Answer 2

1. Long: like tubes (Thigh bone, hands)
2. Short: cube shaped, (wrist bones, ankles)
3. Flat: Narrow, not round, (sternum)
4. Irregular bones: Pelvis, secrum
5. Pneumatic: contain spaces of air, in the skull (sinuses)
6. Sesamoid: Like saseme seds), knee, patella, hands and feet
7. Supernumerary: anything extra of the 206 normal bones, extra fingers and toes

Question 3

Compact Bone

Answer 3

Very dense, organize appearance

Question 4

Spongy Bone

Answer 4

Great cavities, center of the bones, where bone marrow is

Deposited along lines of force

Question 5

Bone production

Answer 5

Made every single day, 
Old bone tissue is recycled, influenced by 
Nutrition -> malnutrition = soft bones
Hormone
Blood Supply -> cut off = tissue death

Question 6

Periosteum

Answer 6

Where ligaments are formed
Attach here
Ligaments attach to bone, muscle attach to ligaments

Question 7

Endosteum

Answer 7

Linning of bone marrow cavity

Question 8

Red Bone Marrow

Answer 8

Makes red, white, platelets,
In the center of the body where there is more heat
ALWAYS transplant red marrow

Question 9

Yellow Marrow

Answer 9

Forearm, hands, less, has fat tissue/ fat cells
Marrow is in resting mode for blood cell making
During blood loss or anemia, yellow marrow will activates and make red, white, and platelets

Question 10

Embryonic Origin

Answer 10

Bone is from the mesoderm
Entirely made of cartilage at the beginning
Slowly replaced, starts at the center and then the ends

Question 11

Epiphyseal Plate

Answer 11

Is the last bit of cartilages that is left over
When youre 25 yrs the bones stop growing
The cartilages is all gone
Milk and hormones influence growth
How much pituitary growth hormon, how much sex hormones, how much the glands, parathyroid and parafollicular cells change calcium levels during growth

Question 12

Classification of 206 bones

Answer 12

Axial skeletone = 80 bones
-> Skull - 29 
    -> cranium = 8
    -> facial = 14
    -> hyoid = 1
    -> Inner ear = 6
-> Verebral column = 26 bones
    -> cervical = 7
    -> thoracic = 12
    -> lumbar = 5
    -> sacrum (5 fused) and coccyx (3 to 5 fused) = 2
-> Thoracic = 25
    -> sternum = 1 (3 fused bones)
->Ribs = 24 (12 pairs)
Appendicular Skeleton = 126 bones

Question 13

Fractures

Answer 13

most common bone pathology
Growing children -> fracture -> epiptheal growth plate -> damage to growth plate
-> upper extremity -> no big deal
-> Lower extremity -> problems of posture, walking and running

Question 14

Bone Splinter in little kids

Answer 14

“green stick” -> fractures like a tree branch
Set the bone,
never happens in adults because bones are fully calcified

Question 15

Bone transplant for crushed bones

Answer 15

Can do in the same indv. (small portions only)

Large portion -> use another tissue from the national bone bank

Question 16

Osteoporosis

Answer 16

Compact bone has become spacious
rate of bone loss > bone regeneration
Common after menopause
Sex hormone lvls are lower which are essential for bone health
Occurs in men and women after menopause at the same rate
Increase amount of bone mass with exercise and water = blood is sent to bones more
Causes -> smooke tobacco, abuse steroids disrupts hormones
Increase risk of fracture

Question 17

Rickets

Answer 17

Not enough calcium in childrens diet
Bones cant support weight
Fix with proper nutrition

Question 18

Osteomalacia

Answer 18

“bone” “to starve”
IN adults
B.c. of poor nutrition = soft bones

Question 19

Syphilis

Answer 19

Bacterial infection, advanced, not treated = enter skeleton and enter bones and destroy bones

Question 20

Tuberculosis

Answer 20

Bacterial Infection
Enter blood stream, go throughout the body into the skeleton, destroy bones and joiints
Common in the spine, destroy pelvis as well

Question 21

Osteoma

Answer 21

Bone tumors (benign) can be easily removed
Primary in the bones (Malignant), not very common
Secondary tumors: from somewhere else
Breast cancer, goes into bones easily
Prostate and colon cancer
Very painful to have cancer here, how it is often diagnoised

Question 22

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 22

Bones become swollen, joints become very swollen, joint become stiff, very painful
Common in hands and fingers

Question 23

Osteo arthritis

Answer 23

Degeneration of bone
Juvenile = starts at least 1 to 3 years and before 16 yrs
occurs all of their life

Question 24

Gout

Answer 24

Form crystals in joints
Destorys joint and bones
Metabolic disease
Can use hip and knee replacement surgery

Question 25

Bone transplant

Answer 25

When is tumor is too big

Question 26

Vertebrae

Answer 26

Proper alignment is s- shaped

Question 27

Laminectomy

Answer 27

Incase of pinched nerves, lamina is removed

Question 28

Sacrum in children

Answer 28

Before finish growth, 5 separate bones

Question 29

Scholiosis

Answer 29

Lateral curviature
leaning to one side or the other
very common
Causes: malnutrition, muscle weakness, poor posture

Question 30

Kyphosis

Answer 30

Forward curvature
Hunchback
Causes: osteoperosis (always related), Malnutrion or poor nutrition

Question 31

Lordosis

Answer 31

Backward curvature

Pregnant and can happen in men